Megalithic monuments and extensive chambered tombs have been found at many sites in western Europe, but are often remote and peripheral: along the Atlantic coasts, the Northern Isles of Scotland and the islands of the Mediterranean. The variety is immense, comprising chambered cairns, long barrows, dolmen, cromlech, galleried graves and... More
Nazi Germany’s declaration of war against the United States at the end of 1941 began a new era of U-Boat attacks against merchant shipping, which was playing a vital role in supplying the UK with food and other equipment. Admiral Dönitz headed Operation Drumbeat using a handful of long range... More
The 5307th Composite Unit (Provisional), better known by the nickname Merrill’s Marauders, was a US unit that was formed and trained especially for long-range penetration missions behind Japanese lines in Burma. Modelled on the British Chindits unit, which also conducted long-range covert missions into Burmese territory, Merrill’s Marauders were highly... More
After the French surrender to Germany, Britain needed to maintain naval supremacy in the Mediterranean, secure key naval ports in French North Africa and prevent the French fleet falling into German hands. Churchill assembled Force H and launched Operation Catapault to secure the French vessels at Mers el Kébir, a... More
Complete with cuneiform inscriptions, the map provides a representation of the world with Babylon, straddling the Euphrates, at its centre. There may have been an element of political point-scoring in the depiction, as Egypt and Persia, powerful rivals of Babylon at the time, are omitted. The known world is shown... More
After the clearing of the three German salients was completed through the Battle of St Mihiel, Marshal Foch ordered a massive three-pronged offensive directed at the exposed fortified defences of the Hindenburg Line. The southernmost arm was the Meuse-Argonne offensive, launched by a combination of French and American troops. The... More
From 1613, the future provinces of New York, New Jersey and Delaware were largely Dutch possessions centred on New Amsterdam on Manhattan Island. A Swedish attempt to seize control of the Delaware River was ended by the Dutch in 1655, only for the British to take over all the Dutch... More
Having eliminated the rival dynasty at Hierakonpolis, the Theban pharaoh, Montjuhotep II, installed a garrison fortress at Abu, where he could monitor desert trading routes and create a springboard to assault an increasingly disaffected Lower Nubia, successfully annexing the region around Buhen. By c. 1872 BCE, Egypt had lost control... More
Prior to Japan’s devastating aerial onslaught on 7 December 1941, an attack group of five Imperial Japanese Navy I Type submarines was positioned around the coast near Pearl Harbor, each carrying Type A midget submarines. It was planned that under the cover of darkness, the midget submarines would enter the... More
World War I increased overseas demand for cotton and tobacco, and caused a temporary boom in the rural South. By 1920, the overseas market collapsed, and many southern farmers lost income. In the 1920s, boll-weevil destroyed up to half the cotton crops, because farmers could not afford pesticides. Agricultural land... More
Between 724–22 BCE, Shalmaneser, king of Assyria, besieged Israel’s capital, Samaria. Hoshea, king of Israel, had refused to pay tribute to him and Assyria was merciless against vassal states who rejected its authority. When Shalmaneser died in 722 BCE, Sargon II succeeded. Hamath, Arpad and Samaria rebelled against their new... More
Between March–June 1862 while Union general, Ulysses Grant, advanced up the Tennessee River, his commander-in-chief, General Halleck, instructed Brigadier General John Pope to clear Confederate strongholds on the Mississippi. Fortified by Flag Officer Andrew Foote’s gunboat flotilla (this included ironclads – steam-propelled warships) Union soldiers successfully lay siege to New... More