The 1960 election produced the closest popular vote margin of the 20th century (0.17 per cent in Kennedy’s favour) although Kennedy won the Electoral College comfortably, by 309 to 219. It has been a commonplace that the charismatic John F. Kennedy gained the edge over the less prepossessing Richard Nixon... More
On the morning of 27 June General Sherman’s Union artillery subjected the Confederate defences on the ridge at Kennesaw Mountain to a ferocious bombardment: ‘Kennesaw smoked and blazed with fire, a volcano as grand as Etna’. However, the earthwork fortifications absorbed the pummelling, and when the Union troops advanced –... More
Nasir Khusraw was in his forties, working as a tax collector for the Emir of Khorasan, when he experienced a mid-life crisis. He renounced worldly pleasures, and embarked upon a pilgrimage to Mecca, in search of spiritual awakening. The journey expanded into a seven-year Grand Tour of the Islamic world.... More
Under the Fugitive Slaves Acts (1793 and 1850), gangs, known as ‘black-birders’ received generous rewards for extraditing suspected fugitive slaves to their ‘owners’ in the South (‘rendition’). The prominent fugitive slaves Ellen and William Craft emigrated to England to avoid slave-catchers, while escaped Virginian slave and store-worker, Anthony Burns, became... More
Kievan Rus, the first east Slavic state, was a federation of tribes, known as the Rus, who settled in the Baltic region. It was founded c. 880 by the Viking ruler, Oleg, who came from Novgorod. It is thought that the Rus are the cultural ancestors of the Russian, Ukrainian... More
1n 1744, the French and British were at war in Europe again, this time over the Austrian Succession. King George’s War (1744–48) was the name given to its French and British theatre in New England and Nova Scotia. In 1744, French Acadian soldiers, led by François du Pont Duvivier, made... More
King William’s War took place in 1689–97 between the French territory of New France and British colonies in New York and New England. Conflict between France and Britain, when James II was overthrown by William II and given sanctuary by King Louis XIV, triggered the war, which was then carried... More
The Roman emperor Maximus (r. 385–88) governed Britain before seizing power. When he moved on Rome, many of his veterans were demobbed in the Armorican peninsula, to be followed by more Britons fleeing Saxon invaders when the Roman Empire disintegrated. Hence the region became known as ‘Brittany’ to emphasize the... More
The Kingdom of the Isles was tailor-made for turmoil. Spread across far-flung rugged islands, and founded by the notoriously cantankerous Viking raiders, it was relentlessly fissiparous, defeating any and every attempt at centralizing power. Man was the nearest thing to a constant, where the ‘kings’ holed out between forays for... More
The direct European colonial penetration of Central Africa was minimal prior to the late 19th-century ‘Scramble’, with the Portuguese maintaining the largest presence on the coasts of Angola and Mozambique. Seyid Said, the Sultan of Oman (r. 1806–56) annexed the ports of the Swahili coast – Kilwa, Zanzibar and Mombasa... More
The Diadochi (literally, ‘successors’) were the military commanders and administrators who vied for supremacy over the cities and regions conquered by Alexander III ‘the Great’ of Macedon after his death in 323 BCE. By 300 BCE the empire had fragmented into four principal regions administered (from west to east) by... More
The Diadochi (literally, ‘successors’) were the military commanders and administrators who ruled the cities and regions conquered by Alexander III ‘the Great’ of Macedon, who had no designated successors. Following his death in 323 BCE, a triumvirate emerged that comprised: Perdiccas, nominated ‘Regent of the Empire’; Craterus, the military commander... More