Britain’s first ‘Thousand Bomber Raid’ was launched on the night of 30 May 1942 as a display of the Royal Air Force’s strength. It would additionally serve as a testing run for a number of new deployment tactics, most notably the ‘bomber stream’ which, following the introduction of the GEE... More
Following the demise of the Han dynasty, a period called the Three Kingdoms followed, during which three warring states eventually fell to the Jin dynasty. In 220 CE, the last Dong Han emperor ceded his throne to Cao Pi, the son of his regional leader Cao Cao and a new... More
The ruins of Tiahuanaco were happened upon by the Spanish conquistador Pedro Cieza de Leon as he searched for the southern capital of the Incas. By the time of his arrival (1549), the natives of the area were as mystified as to their origins as he was. Modern archaeology suggests... More
The early colonists of Virginia diced with extinction. The ‘Great Starvation’ accounted for 80 per cent of their number; the desperate survivors were evacuating the colony, before being intercepted by the incoming governor, Thomas West, and forced to return. West installed a more muscular regime, waging a four-year war with... More
The American fleet started shelling Tinian Island’s defences on 16 July, but sustained serious losses at the hands of the Japanese 50th Infantry Division, commanded by Colonel Kiyochi Ogata. The landings by the US 2nd and 4th Marine Divisions, begun on 24 July, were more successful. A decoy assault on... More
A milestone discovered at Tintagel in Cornwall refers to the Emperor Licinius (r. 308–324) suggesting that it was occupied during the Roman era; there are also traces of earlier Bronze Age/Iron Age habitation. Archaeological remains from the 5th and 6th centuries, including pottery sourced from the Mediterranean, suggest a high-status... More
By 1918, the Selective Service Act, the conscription of young men into the US army, meant that the relatively small standing army swelled to 4,000,000. General Pershing, the commander of the American Expeditionary Force (AEF), insisted troops receive full combat training before arriving in France, so their direct impact on... More
The battle of Tours saw Charles Martel’s Frankish army confront the forces of the Umayyad Caliphate under Abdul Rahman Al Ghafiqi, the Andalusian Muslims. The Umayyad army had made easy progress from Spain through southern Gaul, defeating Duke Odo’s forces in Bordeaux. Al Ghafiqi did not anticipate heavy resistance as... More
By c. 1750, immigration, high birth rates and abundant natural resources had turned the thirteen colonies into a major consumer and exporter of goods. Most of colonial America’s exports were agricultural, with the Carolinas, Georgia and Virginia exporting raw and processed feed grains, including wheat, Indian corn, rice and tobacco.... More
Transport within the Roman Empire was based on roads, navigable rivers and sea routes and focused on the Mediterranean basin, drawing on the resources of North Africa, Spain, France and the Middle East to feed and supply the fast-growing capital, whose population reached 1 million people at the peak of... More
With the Americas yet to figure on the international stage, the Ottoman Empire sat at the hub of world trade at the time of Columbus. The central Asian Silk Road, Indian Ocean spice route, the river routes from the Baltic to Black Sea and trans-Saharan routes all converged on their... More
In c. 1200, major trade routes ran from Europe across Asia, and to northern Africa – including Tunis, Tripoli and the Nile Delta – into sub-Saharan East and West Africa. The Black and Caspian Seas were important trade centres, acting as hubs for trading routes to and from Africa, Asia... More