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The United States 1850
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The United States 1850
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In a busy decade, the northern borders with British territory were resolved by the Webster-Ashburton and Oregon Treaties (1842, 1846), and the Union was expanded by the admission of Florida, and the (consensual) annexation of Texas in 1845. A jingoistic war with Mexico followed over disputed borders. Decisive American victory... More
The United States 1860
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The United States 1860
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Even as the Union began to realize its ‘manifest destiny’ of dominion ‘from sea to shining sea’, internal contradictions began to threaten disintegration. The Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854) abolished the slavery ‘line of demarcation’ proposed by the Missouri Compromise (1830), making the position on slavery in new states a decision for... More
The United States 1870
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The United States 1870
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With the secession of the Southern States in 1861, the Union was shattered, and 600,000 lives would be lost in four years of civil war. Yet the process of territorial evolution did not cease. Kansas was admitted as a free state (1861) shortly before the outbreak of war, while West... More
The United States 1880
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The United States 1880
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On paper, the United States was relatively quiescent in the 1870s: the only territorial acquisitions were the Juan de Fuca Islands in the northwest (1872) in settlement of a long-running dispute with Canada, the only new state Colorado (admitted in 1876). But the decade saw the pacification of the frontier... More
The United States 1900
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The United States 1900
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Between 1889 and 1893, a series of ‘land runs’ resulted from opening up former Indian reservation land in western Oklahoma to settlers. In 1890, the US Census Bureau formally declared the American Frontier closed, based on the spread of settlement throughout the West. A cluster of state admissions reflected the... More
The United States 1920
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The United States 1920
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The Mexican Revolution (1910–20) produced protracted upheaval along the American border. Streams of refugees fled the fighting, and rebels used the American Southwest desert as their bolthole. The instability helped to prompt admission of Arizona and New Mexico to the Union (1912). Their incorporation did not prevent a series of... More
The United States and Overseas Territories in 1970
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The United States and Overseas Territories in 1970
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In 1959, the US admitted their two most recent (to date) and only non-contiguous states, Alaska and Hawaii. The Alaskan territory had originally been acquired by purchase from Russia in 1867, while Hawaii became a US territory in 1899 after US businessmen on the islands fomented a coup against the... More
The United States January 1861
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The United States January 1861
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In virtually all the factors necessary to prosecute a war successfully, the Union outmatched the Confederacy. Their population was 21 million compared to 9 million in the South, of which 3.5 million were slaves. Their industrial capacity was eight times greater, producing 93 per cent of the country’s pig iron,... More
The Upper Carboniferous World 315–290 million years ago
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The Upper Carboniferous World 315–290 million years ago
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In the Upper Carboniferous, the fusion of Laurentia with Gondwanaland forced up ranges of mountains through the Appalachian–Hercynian orogeny (a mountain-building process). Of the resulting landmass, only the land that is now North America sat astride the equator, with Angaraland, containing present day Siberia/Kazakhstan a large island to the north.... More
The Upper Devonian World 380–350 million years ago
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The Upper Devonian World 380–350 million years ago
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The Upper Devonian had significantly higher sea levels than today, with most of the Earth’s surface covered by the vast Panthalassa Ocean. Proto Europe and North America existed as islands skirting the continent of Laurentia, which had collided with Baltica in the Lower Devonian. The main landmass, Gondwanaland, lay to... More
The US Civil Rights Act 1964
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The US Civil Rights Act 1964
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Future Presidents Kennedy and Johnson opposed the Civil Rights Act of 1957, but the findings of the Commission created by that Act graphically anatomized the pervasiveness of discrimination in American society, and the perniciousness of its effects, promoting a sea-change in public opinion. When Kennedy was assassinated, his successor, President... More
The US Equal Rights Amendment 1972–1978
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The US Equal Rights Amendment 1972–1978
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The US Congress passed the Equal Rights Amendment on 22 March 1972 (‘Equality of rights under the law shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any state on account of sex’). There was a seven-year deadline on the ratification process, with approval of three-fourths (38)... More