W.E.B Dubois wrote of the post-Reconstruction South, ‘the slave went free, stood a brief moment in the sun, then moved back toward slavery’. The ‘Redeemer’ Democrats enforced their monopoly of political power with batteries of laws designed to suppress black voting. In Alabama, for instance, the black electoral roll reduced... More
The railroads were the crucible for organized labour in America: before the advent of the automobile, they afforded the only sizeable workforce with the mobility to orchestrate action at a regional or national level. The Great Railroad Strike (1877) resulted in over 100 workers’ deaths through violent suppression by militias... More
In 1754, Britain attempted to occupy French territory west of the thirteen colonies in a desire to expand its colonial settlements to generate more raw materials for trade. This antagonized the French who kept several trading posts there. The French also had colonies in the midwest, Louisiana and eastern Canada.... More
With the establishment of the state of Israel in 1948, much of the regional water supply sourced from the River Jordan and Lake Tiberias came under dispute, as the large influx of people to Israel massively increased demand for water. The especially high salinity of the Dead Sea, along with... More
The State of Gran Colombia was proclaimed at the Congress of Angostura in 1819 and Símon Bolívar, "The Liberator", was made its President. The ensuing Congress of Cucuta in 1821 promulgated the new state’s constitution. Ten years later, Gran Colombia was dissolved due to the political differences that divided the... More
Establishing a navigable passage from the Mediterranean to the Red Sea was an ancient obsession. Attempts to build a linking canal are believed to date back to Pharaoh Senusret I, almost 4,000 years ago. The Persian ruler Darius I is reputed to have succeeded in opening an east-west canal linking... More
The first dynasty to rule what became the Sultanate of Delhi was the Mamluk Dynasty also known as the Slave or Ghulam Dynasty (the word ‘mamluk’ means ‘owned’ and the Mamluks became a powerful military caste in several Muslim societies). In 1206, following the assassination of the childless Sultan of... More
In 1316, following the death of Alauddin Khalji, the second ruler of the Khalji dynasty that ruled the Delhi Sultanate, he was succeeded by his son Shihabuddin with his brother Qutb ud-Din Mubarak as Regent. However, this position was politically unsafe, and Mubarak decided to blind his brother and seized... More
The 37-year rule of Feroz Shah Tughlaq ended in 1388, following a period of disunity and revolt in the last years of his reign. The first civil war began in 1384, weakening the empire as provinces and territories became independent. A second civil war erupted in 1394, six years after... More
The defence sector provided a massive fillip to the economy of the Sun Belt states during World War II, sustained subsequently by continued high military spending during the cold war. Defence spawned a host of ancillary industries, attracted by the availability of relatively cheap, skilled and non-unionized labour. Electronics, chemicals... More
By 1869, four separate surveys were being conducted in the American West by an eclectic selection of leaders. Clarence King, commissioned to map around the 40th parallel, was a civilian geologist, while George Wheeler was an army engineer. Also active were John Wesley Powell, an autodidact Professor of Geology, and... More
In the Middle Ages the Alpine valleys if Schwyz, Uri and Unterwalden, the “Forest Cantons” were populated by large numbers of free peasants who, far away from secular or ecclesiastical overlords, developed into relatively independent communities, electing their own leaders. Fiercely loyal to each other, they became wealthy through forest... More