The crescent of fertile land that curves from the Nile Valley to the Persian Gulf is commonly credited as the cradle of civilization. It enjoyed several unique advantages: on the land bridge between three continents, it retained greater biodiversity than the surrounding landmasses, particularly of edible and potential cultivar plants.... More
The Third Crusade had re-established a viable Kingdom of Jerusalem, but failed to secure the ultimate prize, Jerusalem itself. Well-resourced and with a coherent masterplan, the Fifth Crusade started with admirable prospects of success. The first army arrived in the Holy Land in 1217, led by Andrew II of Hungary,... More
The Germans had decided to use the airships as part of an aerial bombing campaign against Britain. The first German airship raids on Britain were in Norfolk on the night of the 19/20 January 1915. The raid was originally intended for Humberside, but was diverted to Norfolk because of bad... More
By the dawn of the Republic in 509 BCE, Rome was a substantial settlement. Its first bridge spanning the Tiber, Pons Sublicius, had been built by its fourth king, Ancus Marcius, in 642 BCE, channelling trade to a bustling cattle and food market, the Forum Boarium, and the city docks... More
The ‘official’ start date for the First Crusade ordained by Pope Urban II was 15 August 1096, the Feast of the Assumption. Caught up in the general fervour, unofficial armies of peasants, accompanied by knights errant, set off early under the loose command of a charismatic priest, Peter the Hermit.... More
NATO began their ‘Forward Defence’ strategy, after the June 1950 invasion of South Korea by Soviet-backed North Korea. It was developed to defend central Europe against invasion by the Soviet Union, considered by the Allies to be an aggressive superpower. If the Soviet Union was undeterred by the US’s possession... More
While moral opposition to slavery amongst American colonists swelled during the 18th century, it would, ironically, be a sworn enemy, the British Governor of New York who would institute the first concrete measure towards emancipation. Lord Dunmore offered black slave recruits to his Ethiopian Regiment their freedom in return for... More
In the aftermath of the French Revolution, having quelled the Royalist uprising of 13 Vendémiaire (5 October) in 1795, the young General Napoleon Bonaparte (1769–1821) rose rapidly through the ranks of the French army to become one of the most successful military commanders in world history. In 1799 he orchestrated... More
The Jewish rebellion began in Caesarea, and quickly escalated to full-scale rebellion, after the Roman governor raided the treasury of the Temple in Jerusalem to recoup unpaid taxes. With the puppet king, Herod Agrippa, fleeing the city, the Syrian legate, Cestius Gallus, was summoned south to quell the uprising. His... More
With four full Roman legions bearing down on them, bent on their destruction, the rebellious Jewish defenders of Jerusalem decided to embark on a full-scale civil war. While there were numerous sub-factions, the heart of the conflict pitted Zealot refugees from the rebellion in Galilee against the Sanhedrin, or Religious... More
Often known as the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms, the period between the Tang and Song dynasties was a time of turmoil. In quick succession ‘dynasties’ – none lasting more than 17 years – were founded and usurped by different military leaders; non-Chinese northern tribes founded three of the five... More
By oral tradition, the Confederacy of the Five Nations was achieved through the efforts of a prophet known as the Great Peacemaker, aided by the oratory of Hiawatha. The five nations of the southern Great Lakes region were brought together in a great ‘League of Peace’. The depiction of a... More