Over the course of the night of 6 April, Buell’s 18,000-strong Army of the Ohio arrived, crossed the river and filed into position along the centre and left of the Union line. Further reinforcements arrived in the form of a reserve division commanded by Major General Lew Wallace, who joined... More
In the late 1330s, tensions between England and France heightened. Philip VI was King of France, despite Edward III’s claims to the throne, resulting in the Hundred Years’ War. There were raids on English coastal towns and the cloth trade was in jeopardy. Yet failed attacks and a series of... More
Sir Arthur Wellesley (the future Duke of Wellington) entered Portugal in early July with 20,000 British troops, intending to link with General Cuesta’s Spanish army. Meanwhile Cuesta, confronted by Joseph Bonaparte’s larger French army, had withdrawn to Talavera beside the Tagus, with the French in pursuit. Coming upon the now... More
Fought from 26–30 August 1914, the Battle of Tannenberg demonstrated the strength of German organization and training and the weaknesses of its Russian counterpart. The generals of the two Russian armies invading Prussia barely spoke to one another; field communications were addressed through the military governor of Warsaw, and actions... More
The Azores was one of the last parts of the Portuguese overseas empire to resist the Spanish king, Phillip II. António, Prior of Crato, an exiled claimant to the Portuguese throne, secured support from the English and French to sail a fleet to the islands. Under the command of Filippo... More
The Battle of the Frontiers was a series of running engagements between the combatants on the western front at the beginning of World War I. The French, led by Marshal Joffre, were attempting to realize their preconceived offensive strategy, Plan XVII, by invading Alsace Lorraine. However, the Germans gained the... More
By 5 September, Allied forces had been in continuous retreat for two weeks and were close to exhaustion. The advancing German army appeared poised to encircle Paris. With a last vestige of the ‘offensive spirit’ symbolized by the defunct Plan XVII, Marshal Joffre resolved to counterattack, dragooning the support of... More
Between 8–9 September 1914 the German advance into France was halted by the Allies. That night the French 5th Army capitalized on the resolution shown by the 6th Army and counterattacked the German 2nd Army, cleaving a broader gap between the two German armies. The German Chief of Staff, Herman... More
This naval battle took place on 1–2 August in Aboukir Bay, off the coast of Egypt. It was between British and French fleets and ended in a British victory. General Napoleon Bonaparte mobilized ships in the region, in an attempt to cut off vital British trade routes, obstructing Britain’s access... More
At the beginning of the war, the plain of the Woevre formed a buffer zone between German and French fortifications on the Metz ridges and Meuse heights. On 19 September, a German advance sortie to the west of the plain found it thinly defended by inexperienced reservists. A rapid forward... More
On 26 December 1776, the Battle of Trenton, New Jersey, ended in a Christmas Day victory for General George Washington. 2,400 American troops took on 1,400 of Colonel Rall’s German Hessian troops, who were fighting for the British. Washington’s enlisted army attacked the British line in lower Delaware, crossing the... More
By February 1900, Louis Botha’s Boer irregulars had repulsed three attempts by General Sir Redvers Buller to cross the Tugela and relieve the besieged town of Ladysmith. The humiliation of these defeats led to Buller’s replacement as British Commander-in-Chief by Lord Roberts. Now, Buller returned to the scene of his... More