The US declared war on Mexico in May 1846 and invaded Mexico on two different fronts. General Winfield Scott’s assault on Mexico City had been preceded by an amphibious assault and capture of the port of Vera Cruz in March 1847. The land invasion had been marked by a rout... More
By December 1942 265,000 Axis troops were trapped in the city of Stalingrad, and General Paulus, aware that his troops were doomed, requested to be allowed to surrender, but Hitler refused. In January the Germans began to retreat from the outer suburbs, congregating in the city. The loss of two... More
The Germans opened World War I by invading neutral Belgium on 4 August 1914. They captured Brussels unopposed on 20 August. Following a siege, Antwerp was captured on 9 October with Bruges, Ostend and Zeebrugge falling in rapid succession, leaving the remaining Allied forces bottled in a narrow wedge of... More
On 17 June, British batteries stormed the American positions on Bunker Hill in the Boston neighbourhood of Charlestown. It was their intention to defeat the American forces and gain control of Boston Harbour. At noon 2,200 Redcoats (British soldiers) landed on the coast near Moultons Hill. By afternoon they had... More
When III Corps of the British Army landed at St Omer on 10 October 1914 they were immediately ordered to march towards Lille. On 13 October, they reached the River Lys, driving back the German defenders, followed by an advance along the river to the town of Armentières, capturing it... More
On 13 May Napoleon entered Vienna, the Austrian capital, after feeble resistance. Since all bridges across the Danube were destroyed, Napoleon now decided on a crossing downstream via Lobau island before Austrian reinforcements could arrive. The pontoon bridge to Lobau island was constructed and crossed on 20 May by troops... More
Also known as the Battle of the Three Emperors, the Battle of Austerlitz was one of Napoleon’s greatest victories, when his 68,000-strong Grand Armée defeated the 90,000-strong combined forces of Russia and Austria, led by Emperor Alexander I and the Hoy Roman Emperor Francis II respectively. French forces had seized... More
The Kingdom of Armenia was situated rather precariously between the two major imperial powers, Sassanid Persia and the Byzantines. Armenia was Christian, but had become a vassal of the Zoroastrian Sassanids. In 449, Yazdegerd II, the Sassanid king, believing their religion rendered the Armenians unreliable allies against their fellow Christians,... More
In June 1314 the Scots, under Robert the Bruce, besieged the English garrison at Stirling castle. Bruce had declared himself king and, determined to oust the English, had already captured and burned many of their castles. Stirling Castle was close to the border and therefore strategically important. The English king,... More
Kentucky had declared itself neutral in the Civil War, but when Confederate General Leonidas Polk learned the Union were openly recruiting there, he moved an army into the state, occupying the stronghold of Columbus overlooking the Mississippi. Union General Ulysses S. Grant was sent with a force in steamboats to... More
The battle fought at Borodino, about 75 miles (120 km) west of Moscow, was part of Napoleon’s Russia campaign and involved between 130,000 French troops and 120,000 Russians. The Russians, under General Kutuzov, had been instructed by Tsar Alexander I to halt the French advance into Moscow. Fortifications were built... More
After 30 years of internecine war and fluctuating allegiances, both King Richard III and the contender for this throne, Henry Tudor, were saddled with mutable allies at Bosworth in Leicestershire, ready to switch with the fortunes of battle. When the two vanguards clashed in marshy ground on the morning of... More