Appointed governor of Indiana in 1803, William Henry Harrison embarked upon a vigorous programme of land acquisition from the native American inhabitants. By 1809, he had concluded eleven purchase treaties, but the last, the Treaty of Fort Wayne, proved highly contentious. A growing resistance movement emerged, whose spiritual leader was... More
Hierakonpolis was the capital of predynastic and early dynastic Upper Egypt. Its temple, built as a shrine to local hawk god, Horus, dates to c. 3400 BCE. It was first excavated in 1898. A clay-covered pile of discarded sacred objects, ‘the main deposit’, yielded numerous artefacts including a golden hawk... More
The ethnicity of the founders of the ancient city of Teotihuacán, lying 50 m (30 miles) northeast of modern Mexico City, is a matter of mystery and controversy. The consensus is that the Nahua, Otomi and Totonac peoples may all have played a part in its establishment, thought to have... More
Persia’s Qajar Dynasty (1813–1925) did not suffer a Century of Humiliation on a par with contemporaneous China, but ran them close. It shared with China the territorially voracious Russia as its northern neighbour. The second Shah, Fath-Ali, (r. 1797–1834), renowned chiefly for the luxuriance of his beard and the number... More
In 1840, the United States acquired territories in the southwest and on the Pacific coast. Around this time, there was a huge drive westwards with many Americans subscribing to a romantic belief that they would find economic prosperity in the arable lands around the Pacific coastline. There was also a... More
Between 1845–1850 American expansionist sentiment revived and there was a strong movement to extend the nation’s borders to the Pacific coast. Many Americans wanted to own the entire continent and to be able to travel westwards without crossing foreign-occupied land. There was also a desire to settle in unchartered terrain... More
Between the Treaty of Paris (1783) and the Civil War, America massively extended its territory by a mix of treaty, commercial transaction and war. Successive treaties with Britain in 1818 and 1846 secured a northern border along the 49th Parallel, acquiring the Oregon Territory and large tracts of land to... More
In 1901, Abdul Aziz ibn Saud set out with relatives to do some raiding in Nejd. His family had twice previously ruled Nejd as emirs. On the first occasion, the Ottomans expelled them (1818), tossing the severed head of the last emir into the Bosphorus. More recently (1891), their tribal... More
Between 1902–26 the isolated patchwork of tribal regions that became modern Saudi Arabia were conquered by the Al Saud leader, Ibn Saud. Saud began his conquests by travelling from Kuwait and reconquering his family home in Riyadh (1902), taking it from the Al Rashid dynasty. In 1904 the combined forces... More
On 30 January 1968 the North Vietnamese forces and Viet Cong launched the Tet offensive across South Vietnam, marking a significant change from the guerrilla tactics used throughout the war so far. The offensive coincided with the Tet celebration, which marks the arrival of spring in the Vietnamese calendar. This... More
Texas established an independent republic in 1836, throwing off Mexican rule. Its incorporation into the US was blocked by a home-grown independence faction, and American Republicans who were resistant to another pro-slavery state. However, President Polk was elected in 1844 on an expansionist platform, and promptly provoked war with Mexico... More
Restoration England seethed with intrigue, real and imagined. Titus Oates, a serial perjurer, caused 15 executions through his fabricated accusations of a ‘Popish Plot’. Most genuine plots were anti-Catholic; Yorkshire hosted two republican cabals in 1663, while the Rye House plot (1683) aimed to assassinate the king and his Catholic... More