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Stone Circles and Henges c. 3500–1000 BCE
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Stone Circles and Henges c. 3500–1000 BCE
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Stone circles and henges first appeared on the British Isles c. 3500 BCE, during the Neolithic period. Over 900 still exist today. Henges (oval shaped, banked ditches) enclosed ritual structures, such as stone circles, or villages, seen in excavations of the henge at Durrington Walls. The largest Neolithic structure in... More
Stonehenge, Wiltshire from 3000 BCE
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Stonehenge, Wiltshire from 3000 BCE
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There is evidence for Stonehenge being a place of congress dating back 10,000 years, but the main enclosure (originally comprising a circular bank of chalk surrounded by a ditch, with two entrance points) dates to around 3000 BCE. Over the next few hundred years, concentric rings, first of timber and... More
Struggles of the Judges
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Struggles of the Judges
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The Biblical ‘Judges’ were military leaders as well as legal authorities; their precise job description is unclear. Each of those mentioned in the Book of Judges appeared to have led various confederations of Israelite tribes against external threat or oppression. Othniel delivers the tribe of Judah from the Aramites, Barak... More
Suez and Sinai Campaign October–November 1956
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Suez and Sinai Campaign October–November 1956
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The Suez and Sinai Campaign was the invasion of Egypt by Israel, France and Britain in October–November 1956. Egypt, increasingly hostile to Israel, began importing Soviet arms, nationalized the Suez Canal, signed a tripartite agreement with Syria and Jordan, placing Egyptian President Nasser in charge of their three armies, and... More
Suez Canal Campaign in Sinai 6–13 October 1973
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Suez Canal Campaign in Sinai 6–13 October 1973
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Launched on Yom Kippur, the Jewish holy day, the combined Egyptian/Syrian invasion of Sinai and the Golan Heights achieved near complete surprise. In the Suez Canal zone, the Egyptians opened up with massive aerial and artillery bombardment. Under this cover, troops moved across the canal en masse. The Bar-Lev line,... More
Sufi Orders 1145–1389
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Sufi Orders 1145–1389
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Sufism is a form of Islamic mysticism that transcends the Sunni/Shia sectarian divide. Sufis (named ‘wool-wearers’ after the traditional garb of the ascetic) can trace their origins back to a recoiling amongst devout Muslims against the worldliness and opulence of the imperial caliphates established by Islamic conquest. The precepts of... More
Sun Tzu and The Art of War 500 BCE
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Sun Tzu and The Art of War 500 BCE
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It is believed that Sun Tzu was a military leader in the ‘Spring and Autumn’ period in ancient China: the Art of War may be a compendium augmented by several authors. As with Machiavelli’s Italy, the time of writing was a period of extreme instability in China, with regional warlords... More
Supply Routes to the Western Allies 1939
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Supply Routes to the Western Allies 1939
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Following Germany’s Blitzkrieg attack and conquest of Poland in 1939, there was an unexpected period of stalemate in western Europe with little fighting and no major conflicts. Britain, however, was expecting a major German air attack so civil defence plans were enforced, including conscription, food rationing and blackout, along with... More
Suvla Bay and Anzac Cover 6 August–30 December 1915
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Suvla Bay and Anzac Cover 6 August–30 December 1915
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By the beginning of August 1915, the Gallipoli campaign needed reinvigoration; the desperately high casualties from the fighting were beginning to be matched by those from disease. The new plan was an assault at Suvla Bay, to the north of Anzac Cove, where the antipodean forces were entrenched. The landing... More
Sweden’s Baltic Empire 1523–1660
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Sweden’s Baltic Empire 1523–1660
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In 1397, the Kalmar Union was formed uniting Sweden, Denmark and Norway under a single leader. This union was dissolved in 1523 when nobleman Gustav Vasa deposed the Danish king of the Union and became the elected king of Sweden. The Swedes held sway in the Baltic for many years,... More
Sweden’s Baltic Empire 1700
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Sweden’s Baltic Empire 1700
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In 1698 and 1699, Sweden’s neighbours agreed on a joint assault on their overweaning rival. Peter the Great of Russia, Augustus II of Saxony and Poland-Lithuania, and Christian V and his successor Frederick IV of Denmark agreed on a three-front assault. In the meantime Sweden negotiated the support of Britain... More
Switzerland 1648
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Switzerland 1648
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The Swiss Confederation, despite a series on inter-cantonal religious wars (the Kappel Wars of (1529–31) had survived the religious conflicts of the Reformation, and this relative peace was maintained during the Thirty Years’ War (1618–48). All the major competing powers relied on the professional services of the Swiss mercenaries, and... More