The distorted demography of early colonial Virginia reflected the harshness of frontier settlement. In the 17th century, male migration exceeded female by a ratio of 6:1, and most male migrants were in their 20s. High mortality rates from hunger, disease and Indian attack often disproportionately affected women. Efforts were made... More
Founded by King Tang when he overthrew the tyrannical Xia King Jie at the Battle of Mingtiao, the Shang dynasty lasted for over 600 years and was ruled by 30 emperors. Tang introduced a period of stability and prosperity, setting a fine example of leadership for future rulers. The Shang... More
At the beginning of the Reconstruction (1865–77) of the American South, new President Andrew Johnson ordered the return of federally held land to its previous owners. This created a landscape of land-rich but cash-poor planters in desperate need of a labour force. Freed slaves provided the bulk of that workforce,... More
The Assiniboine and Chippewa were originally fierce rivals. In the 18th century, the Chippewa migrated westward into the Assiniboine’s traditional hunting grounds in the Canadian Great Plains, gaining dominance through musketry and horses obtained from trade with the French. However, by the 1740s, early explorers observed the tribes operating in... More
The Shatt Al-Arab waterway is formed by the converging Tigris and Euphrates Rivers, emptying into the Persian Gulf. As such, it has strategic and economic significance intensified by its demarcation of traditional Arab and Persian spheres of influence. By the 1980s, these respective spheres of influence were in the grip,... More
Shenandoah Valley in West Virginia provided a corridor for Confederates to invade the North, with the Blue Ridge Mountains acting as a shield for Confederates to enter Maryland, and Washington DC. Confederate General Jubal Early managed to reach the outskirts of Washington DC in July 1864, but retreated to the... More
On 7 June 1864, while travelling from Spotsylvania to join the Federalist Army of the Potomac at Petersburg, Sheridan distracted Confederate attention away from Commander in Chief Ulysses S. Grant’s crossing of the James River by raiding, for a second time, the Virginia Central railroad. Thwarted by the Confederate cavalry... More
After Union General Philip Henry Sheridan claimed he could ‘whip Stuart’ (‘Jeb’ Stuart, the Confederate general), if he were allowed, he was sent by his Commander in Chief, Ulysses S. Grant, to raid Stuarat’s cavalry near Richmond, Virginia. Sheridan’s advance towards Richmond began on 9 May 1864. On the same... More
The commanding General of the Union Army Ulysses S. Grant had won promotion, and made himself a reputation, by the capture of Fort Donelson in February: seven weeks later he almost lost it at Shiloh. The Confederate onslaught from Albert Johnston’s army at dawn on 6 April was wholly unexpected,... More
Japan’s ethnic religion, Shintoism, is dissimilar to other major religions as its belief system revolves around the worship of ancestors as spirits, or kami, which are believed to be drawn to, and physically represented by objects, both man-made and natural, known as shintai. These shintai are found in huge numbers... More
Levied intermittently since Medieval times in England and Wales, ship money was a tax that was raised by royal prerogative, without parliamentary consent. It was inflicted on coastal cities and counties for naval defence in times of war. In 1629, after constitutional disputes, King Charles I had dismissed parliament and,... More
The Atlantic U-boat campaign of World War I pitched German U-boat submarines against Allied ships and merchant vessels at sea. The U-boats were particularly effective in destroying merchant ships delivering vital supplies to Britain. They torpedoed ships on sight, even sinking liners. On 7 May 1915, the liner Lusitania was... More