The Persian Achaemenid dynasty ruled an empire which, at is peak, stretched from the Indus Valley to the Black Sea and West Asia. Three successive Persian emperors, Cyrus, Cambyses and Darius, had ambitions to expand westwards, and extended their control over western Asia Minor, Thrace and Macedonia, which became a... More
Angered by their defeat at the Battle of Marathon, the Persians, under their new king, Xerxes I, were determined to subjugate Greece. Greece comprised a series of city-states, with Athens and Sparta the most powerful. In spring 480 BCE the Persians launched a combined land and sea invasion. The Persian... More
After the Persian army invaded Attica and took Athens in 480 BCE, they set fire to the Acropolis and destroyed much of the city. This angered the Athenians, many of whom had evacuated to Salamis, off the coast of Attica. In retaliation, they lured the Persian fleet towards Salamis into... More
Following the defeat of the last Saite king, Psamtik III at Pelusium (525 BCE), Egypt was formally annexed into the Persian Empire, amalgamated with Phoenicia and Cyprus to form the ‘sixth satrapy’. Cambysses II, the victorious Persian emperor, extended his African domains into Nubia and Cyrenaica. Previous rebellions having been... More
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Events in Petrograd in 1917 had the benefit of a full-dress rehearsal. In 1905, a series of famines and military humiliation in the Russo-Japanese War (1904–05) led to revolution, including the first emergence of the Petrograd Soviet. By the fourth year of World War I, the same catalysts were in... More
After a period of equivocation, Virginia belatedly voted for secession. However, the northwest of the state remained heavily pro-Union. Accordingly, the local Confederate commander, Colonel Porterfield, found it difficult to recruit, struggling to muster an ill-trained, ill-armed force of 800. Realizing defence was his only option, he burnt bridges to... More
By 750 BCE, Phoenician and Greek city-states had founded settlements across the Mediterranean. The Phoenicians, known as the ‘purple people’ by the Greeks, due to their use of purple dye, created a string of city-states that encompassed modern northern coastal Africa, modern southern Spain, eastern Cyprus and the Levant. The... More
The name Phoenix was suggested because the city in Arizona was founded on the remains of the Hohokam civilization and their canal networks. But its explosive growth (48,000 in 1930; 980,000 in 1990) derived from a more muscular harnessing of water: the Roosevelt (1911) and Coolidge Dams (1930). The early... More
In ‘The Crime at Pickett’s Mill’ Ambrose Bierce, the celebrated satirist who fought there as a young Union lieutenant, describes, caustically, its blood-drenched futility. After a delay of ‘seven hours… to acquaint the enemy of our intention to surprise him’, Bierce recounts General Wood volunteering ‘We will send in Hazen... More
Pigeon’s Ranch earned its name from the way its French-American owner puffed his chest and flapped his arms when dancing the fandango at local hops. The ranch functioned as an inn ‘like an Asian caravansary’ catering to passing wagon trains. On 28 March 1862, the Union army (stuffed with volunteers,... More
The Hajj, or pilgrimage to Mecca, was one of the Prophet Muhammad’s five pillars of Islam, to be performed at least once in the life of all able-bodied Muslims. With the explosive growth in the number of believers generated by Islamic conquests and attendant proselytization, the network of pilgrimage routes... More