After the fall of France in June 1940, Great Britain was the only major European power not to have been taken by the Germans. The refusal to accept Hitler’s final offer of a peace negotiation led to the planning of Operation Sealion – the immediate invasion of Great Britain. The... More
The British and Americans chose to relieve pressure on the Soviets in the east by opening up a second front in northeast Africa. Three main landing sites were selected in Casablanca, Oran and Algiers, from which forces would advance towards Tunisa and engage Rommel’s Afrika Korps. It was hoped that,... More
The Canadians and Polish led the push towards Falaise in Operation Totalize. The idea behind the attack was to use modified self-propelled guns, from which the guns had been removed, to allow infantry to keep pace with the main armour. Previous battles had suffered from the delay in infantry support... More
Following on from Operation Totalize, Operation Tractable was another Canadian-led offensive aimed at taking Falaise and further tightening the Allied encirclement of the German army. The bombing raid that preceded the attack landed partially on Canadian/Polish lines, resulting in numerous casualties. On 14 August Allied armoured divisions launched their first... More
Under Operation Barbarossa, Field Marshal von Bock’s Army Group Centre had a target of Moscow. On 2 October 1941, Operation Typhoon – the Battle of Moscow – began with one million men, 1,700 tanks, 19,500 artillery guns and 750 combat aircraft at von Bock’s disposal. They began in favourable weather... More
Operation U-Go in March–June 1944 was the brainchild of Japanese Lieutenant-General Renya Mutaguchi who wanted to push towards the border between Burma and India in an attempt to cut the supply routes that passed through the towns of Imphal and Kohima and were used by the British forces in the... More
Having failed to achieve Japan’s capitulation by disruption of its maritime trade routes, in June 1944 the Americans began the high-altitude bombing of the country’s industrial centres with long-range B-29 Superfortresses based in China. As the war progressed and the Americans captured the Pacific islands one by one, they became... More
From the beginning of the war, the Confederates had built a formidable system of defences to protect their capital, Richmond. The southernmost cornerstone of this system was Fort Harrison, backing onto a bluff over the James River and facing the open pasture of Chaffin’s Farm. Hoping to lure Confederate Commander... More
By August 1814, the British fleet had been blockading Chesapeake Bay for over a year, intermittently raiding the coastline. The ending of the war with Napoleon enabled the British to reinforce the fleet with additional warships and 2,500 experienced troops under General Ross: it was decided to go on the... More
President Lincoln’s authorization of an invasion of the thinly populated state of Florida was something of a bagatelle; its capture would have more symbolic than strategic significance. However, the departure of Union General Seymour’s 6,000-strong expeditionary force was tracked by General Beauregard, Confederate Commander in the southeastern theatre, and he... More
As darkness descended on the battlefield of Prairie Grove (7 December), ravenous wild hogs descended upon the injured and dying. To light their field of fire in the gloom, Union gunners fired incendiaries into haystacks, unwittingly incinerating the wounded who had sheltered there for warmth. In a brutal battle, the... More
After an orgy of destruction, General Sherman left Meridian, Mississippi, on 20 February 1864, reporting ‘its depots, stores, arsenal, hospitals, offices and hotels no longer (exist)’. Yet the Confederates managed to get the all-important railroad junction operational in just 26 days. Sherman at least accomplished his mission. The performance of... More