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Russian and British Empires in Asia 1800–1900
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Russian and British Empires in Asia 1800–1900
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Throughout the 19th century, Britain and Russia were both expanding their empires into the rich trading territory of Asia. As both empires had conflicting interests in the region, an era of diplomatic confrontation arose between the two, which became known as ‘The Great Game’. In 1830, Britain began the formation... More
Russian Campaign–Advance to Smolensk 22 June–24 August 1812
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Russian Campaign–Advance to Smolensk 22 June–24 August 1812
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After crossing the Russian border on 24 June 1812, Napoleon falsely believed that he would quickly defeat the two main Russian armies. His X corps, under Maréchal Macdonald, was to guard Napoleon’s northern flank, while Prince Karl von Schwarzenberg’s V corps and General Reynier’s VII corps protected the southern flank.... More
Russian Capture of Trebizond 5 February–18 April 1916
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Russian Capture of Trebizond 5 February–18 April 1916
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With the Allied evacuation of Gallipoli at the end of 1915, substantial Ottoman forces would be released to reinforce their other fronts. Realizing this, the Russians made a pre-emptive strike in eastern Anatolia with an army of 300,000; their first target being the formidably fortified city of Erzerum. After routing... More
Russian Expansion in Europe 1800–09
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Russian Expansion in Europe 1800–09
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At the turn of the 19th century, Napoleon Bonaparte began a campaign of French imperial expansion across much of Europe. Russia’s stance towards Napoleon changed a number of times between 1800 and 1809 when the alliance between the two countries began to slip. After Alexander came to power in 1801,... More
Russian Expansion in the West 1640–67
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Russian Expansion in the West 1640–67
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In 1610–12, at the height of the ‘Time of Troubles’, Poles had occupied Moscow, their mercenaries massacring inhabitants and their domineering Catholicism alienating the nobility. Accordingly, when the Zaporozhian Cossacks rose in revolt against Poland in land seized from Russia, Tsar Alexis saw the opportunity for revenge. The revolt began... More
Russian Expansion to 1795
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Russian Expansion to 1795
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From the end of Peter I’s reign to the end of Catherine II’s, Imperial Russia enjoyed a period of territorial expansion as it established itself as a major European power. Peter secured Dagestan from the Safavids in 1722, however it was returned in 1735, and Kabardia was declared a Russo-Ottoman... More
Russian Federation – Physical
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Russian Federation – Physical
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Prior to its dissolution in 1991, the USSR was 24.4 million square miles (63 million square Km) and covered a sixth of the world’s land surface. It straddles two continents, Europe and Asia, with the Ural Mountains, running through Chelyabinsk and Perm, acting as a partition. Russia has vast natural... More
Russian Industry Under Peter the Great 1689–1725
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Russian Industry Under Peter the Great 1689–1725
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Much of Peter the Great’s inspiration for the sweeping reforms he would make in Russia came from his visit to western Europe in 1697 during the Grand Embassy. Although the mission’s original aim, to secure diplomatic backing against the Ottomans, failed, it provided the tsar with invaluable first-hand experience of... More
Russian Minorities 1991
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Russian Minorities 1991
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Significant Russian minorities persist in all the ex-Soviet countries, ranging from just 2 per cent of Armenia’s population to over a third of the Latvian population. After the collapse of the Soviet Union, these expatriates were allowed a window to transfer from Soviet to Russian citizenship. For those who chose... More
Russian Oil Exports
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Russian Oil Exports
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Russia is the dominant oil and gas exporter to Europe supplying around a third of its oil and more than a quarter of its natural gas. The European Union imports 90 per cent of its energy needs, and the dependency on Russian gas, while less in percentage terms, is viewed... More
Russian Regions and Provinces c. 1860
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Russian Regions and Provinces c. 1860
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Russian armies of serf conscripts were outfought by their Western opponents in the Crimean War (1853–56). This, combined with the spiralling rural unrest the demands of war had triggered, led Emperor Alexander II to embark an ambitious programme of reform (1861–65), beginning with the emancipation of serfs. Zemstva, a basic... More
Russo-Georgian War 7–12 August 2008
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Russo-Georgian War 7–12 August 2008
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The Russian Federation of Vladimir Putin showed a profound solidarity with the drive for self-determination in Abkhazia and South Ossetia that was curiously absent in its dealings with the neighbouring members of the Russian Federation. Triggered by a Georgian invasion of South Ossetia on 7 August 2008 (in response to... More