The North Carolina Campaign was a series of amphibious operations under the command of Federal Brigadier General Burnside. Burnside was determined to close the blockade-running ports on the 200-mile-long (320-km) North Carolina coast. Aided by the North Atlantic Blockading Squadron, on 11 January 1862 he took a fleet of over... More
In 1916 the German naval force in the North Sea was at a numerical disadvantage to the Royal Navy, which was engaging in a naval blockade of Germany, so targets had to be chosen wisely. The German plan behind the actions that developed into the Battle of Jutland was to... More
Following the brief French occupation of Egypt between 1798–1801, a power vacuum formed in the region. Muhammad Ali, an Albanian commander, was sent to Egypt to secure territory for the Ottomans and managed to establish himself in a position of power in 1805. After wiping out the Mamluks in 1811,... More
In the early 19th century, Northeast Africa largely comprised a motley and shifting hotchpotch of sultanates loosely within the sphere of influence of the decaying Ottoman Empire. The khedives (‘viceroys’) of Egypt were virtually autonomous, and territorially acquisitive, annexing Equatoria and Darfur. The opening of the Suez Canal changed the... More
Following severe famine between 1972–74, civil unrest began to mount against Emperor Haile Selassie. A group of military officers known as the Derg staged a coup in 1974 and instated Communist rule; meanwhile a number of opposition groups formed. This instability catalyzed widespread conflict in the region, beginning with the... More
An important catalyst in the early colonization process was the Massachusetts Bay Colony’s inflexibility over matters of religious observance. Thomas Hooker, founder of Connecticut colony in 1636, Roger Williams (Rhode Island 1636) and John Wheelwright (New Hampshire 1638, then Wells, Maine) all left (or were banished) in order to enjoy... More
The years 1942–43 saw mass Soviet efforts to push back German forces all across the eastern front. In early 1942 a group of around 90,000 German troops became trapped in a salient around Demyansk as the Russians tried to cut them off from their supply lines to the west. Stubborn... More
The Northwest territories existed as a legal entity between 1787 and 1803, at which point Ohio was admitted as a state, and the residual lands became the Indiana Territory. Originally, the capital of the new territory was Vincennes but when, in 1809, the Illinois Territory was carved out to the... More
Egypt reached its peak of power and prosperity during the New Kingdom, but by the 11th century BCE, Egypt was in decline. With most of its empire gone and exhausted by conflicts, it finally lost its grip on a rebellious Nubia. Now divided into two dynasties, and run by ‘barbarian’... More
Rameses XI (1107–1077 BCE) moved his capital from Thebes to Tanis in the Nile Delta at the end of his reign, an acknowledgement of a collapse of control in Upper Egypt. The long Third Intermediate Period ensued; by the 24th Dynasty (732–720 BCE), Osorkon IV ruled little more than a... More
The pharaonic golden age (1839–1292 BCE) was a time of relentless colonization and exploitation of Nubia, Egypt’s workshop. With its newly restored and expanded borders, Nubia’s mineral wealth, especially gold, was needed to maintain Egypt’s prosperity and fund its palace and temple building programme. With the Buhen fortress restored and... More
The two global superpowers, the USA and USSR, were locked into a nuclear arms race with both sides building and developing large arsenals of nuclear weapons, including the hydrogen bomb and antiballistic missiles. Both the USSR and the USA had developed intercontinental ballistic missiles with a minimum range of 3,400... More