The Mayflower pilgrims formed the first New England settlement at Plymouth in 1620. The colonists were strict Puritans, as were the founders of the Plymouth Colony in 1630. The doctrinaire nature of Puritan religious practice led to the formation of new colonies by settlers seeking greater religious freedom. Roger Williams,... More
On 1 November 1993 the Maastricht Treaty, signed on 7 February 1992, became effective, marking the transition of the European Economic Community into the European Union. A number of new economic and legal ties were established between member states under the three pillars of the European Union, reinforcing policy cooperation... More
Vladimir Putin described the break-up of the Soviet Union as ‘the greatest geopolitical catastrophe of the century’. The secession of the subsidiary states of the Union was preceded by the collapse of Communist rule in eastern Europe. This was largely bloodless, accomplished by campaigns of mass civil resistance, excepting Romania,... More
Following early French colonization attempts at Tadoussac, Saint-Croix island (Maine) and Port Royal (Nova Scotia), the French colonization of America really began with the foundation of Quebec in 1608 by Samuel de Champlain. Sieur de Laviolette founded Trois Rivières in 1634 and eight years later Paul de Chomedey founded Fort... More
In 1663 King Louis XIV decided to make New France a royal province with a governor and ceremonial head of state, which meant cancelling the charter of the Company of New France, which had organized the colonization of North America up to this point. A regiment of soldiers sent from... More
The vast territory of New France was divided into Pays d’en Haut, Hudson’s Bay, Acadia and Newfoundland. By the 1713 Treaty of Utrecht, mainland Acadia, Newfoundland and Hudson’s Bay were ceded to Britain, but France established the new colony of Ile Royale. Throughout its existence, New France would be lightly... More
By 1712 New France had reached its territorial peak, comprising five colonies: Canada, Hudson’s Bay, Acadia, Newfoundland and Louisiana. North America was dominated by France and Britain. After the French and British had negotiated the Treaty of Utrecht (1713), France relinquished its claims to Acadia, Hudson Bay and Newfoundland to... More
Following an arduous push through the thick jungle of Papua New Guinea’s eastern peninsula, Australian and US forces made their way to the Japanese bases at Salamaua and Lae to complete the Salamaua–Lae operation. As Allied reinforcements arrived in the area, the Japanese were gradually and deliberately pushed back towards... More
The fatal flaw in the Confederates’ New Mexico campaign plan was logistics. The strategic conception was compelling; supported by a sympathetic population, hoover up the isolated Union forts, then seize the gold and silver of Colorado, Nevada, California. The final prize was the long unblockaded Pacific seaboard for backdoor supply... More
After the English explorer Henry Hudson discovered the river that bears his name in 1609, the Dutch followed up on his favourable reports with surveying expeditions of the adjacent coastline. The colony of New Netherland’s primary economic purpose was fur-trading, and its first permanent establishment, Fort Nassau, was well upriver... More
The ‘Anaconda Plan’ for the economic suffocation of the South had two components. First, a naval blockade of the Confederate Atlantic and Gulf coast: by late 1861, this was largely achieved. The next priority was control of the Mississippi River, completing encirclement of the South. Blocking this was New Orleans,... More
In 1967, the Six-Day War saw Israel capture the West Bank, Gaza Strip, Golan Heights and the Sinai Peninsula up to the Suez Canal. Settlements were created throughout the occupied territories on land, it was claimed, which had been given to the Jewish people by God. The West Bank became... More