In 1500, North America had no cities to match Tenochtitlan, the Aztec capital, with its estimated population of 200–300,000 when the Spanish explorer, Cortés, arrived. The bulk of the continent was sparsely populated by nomadic hunter-gatherers. In the far north, food, clothing, shelter and tools were derived primarily from seal,... More
Having been ceded western territory under the Treaty of Paris in 1783, the newly independent America doubled in size. It established settlements east of the Mississippi, south of the Great Lakes and into the Gulf coastal plains. This generated competition for land, much of it Native American, and ensured continuing... More
Pre-Columbian North America was filigreed with trading networks stretching to the Eskimo in the Arctic and the urban Mexican civilizations in the south. At key junctions, major trade emporia developed. At the confluence of the Missouri and Mississippi, Cahokia had a peak population of c. 40,000, flourishing as a transcontinental... More
Egypt’s cardinal resource was the Nile, with its fertile flood plain providing food, and acting as a natural artery of communication and trade. This usually gave surpluses of grain, cotton, and papyrus to utilize in trade. Given the scale of their architectural ambitions, Egypt’s rulers had to large quantities and... More
In early 1915, the western Allied Powers had a dilemma: how could maritime supply lines be opened to Russia, when the German Navy ws blockading the Baltic while the Ottomans controlled entry to the Black Sea? Deciding the Ottomans were the softer adversary, a Franco-British naval task force was sent... More
Bonhomme Richard was one of four ships under the command of Captain Paul Jones’s American squadron. Near Flamborough Head, off Yorkshire, it intercepted a British Baltic Fleet convoy of 41 merchant ships, led by HMS Serapis. At 7.20 pm, to protect its merchant vessels, HMS Serapis opened fire on Bonhomme... More
Napoleon must have wished for sea-legs. Well nigh invincible on land, with the continent under his sway, he remained hemmed in and frustrated by British maritime control. This control kept British shipyards stocked with Baltic timber (and Indian teak), its sailors clothed from Virginian cotton and fired by Jamaican rum.... More
At the height of the Middle Kingdom power and prosperity were cemented by increasing exploitation of the rich resources afforded by the Near East, either through peaceful commerce, the exaction of tribute or military plunder. It is thought that the pyramid at el-Lisht was built by Semite slaves, brought back... More
Judge Kenesaw Mountain Landis was the Commissioner of Major League Baseball (1920–44): ‘a wasted man with untidy white hair, an emaciated face in which two burning eyes are set like jewels, parchment-like skin split by a crack for a mouth, the face of Andrew Jackson three years dead’. The judge’s... More
During the Neolithic period in China settlements developed on the main rivers and the coast, supported by farming and domesticated animals, rather than Stone Age hunting and gathering. Along the Yellow River Valley and Wei River tributary, the Yangsao culture flourished, with clans living in moated structures. The earliest of... More
Britain’s first major offensive of 1915 at Neuve Chapelle was originally planned as part of a pincer attack in coordination with French forces to the south, aimed at breaking the German lines around the Noyon salient. Although the French advance was cancelled due to lack of planned reinforcements from Ypres,... More
The Dutch first arrived in the territory they would christen New Netherland in 1609. Over the next few years they surveyed and laid claim to a broad swathe of the coastline, its primary attraction initially being to source beaver fur. The first settlements were established on the Delaware and Hudson... More