Figures gathered in 2015 put the world’s Muslim population at around 1.8 billion people, or 24.1 per cent of the world’s total population. This makes Islam the second largest religion after Christianity, which itself makes up over a third of the world’s population, and the majority religion in many countries... More
Mycenaean Greece dominated the Greek mainland, the Aegean Islands and the shores of Asia Minor, amalgamating various peoples into a homogenous culture that had influence that reached, at its furthest extent, to the Levant and Sicily. The Mycenaeans were accomplished sailors, who traded olive oil and ceramic vessels for gold,... More
The Kingdom of Mysore was founded in around 1399 and was ruled by the Wodeyar family until 1950. Chikka Devaraja Wodeyar II, who ruled between 1673 and 1704, instituted important reforms to the administration of the Hindu state, following Mughal methods, which enabled the growing state to become more efficient,... More
Sayyid wal Sharif Hyder Ali (c. 1720–82) rose to be commander of Mysore’s army under the rule of Krishnaraja II. Eventually he came to dominate Krishnraja and his government and was given, or took, the title Sarvadhikari, chief minister. A talented administrator and tactician, he resisted the advance of the... More
‘They’ve sent a young madman who attacks right and left, front and rear. It’s an intolerable way of making war’. The comments of a Piedmontese officer in Italy encapsulate the impact of Napoleon, unleashed on traditional militaries. Outnumbered and ill-provisioned, his genius for misdirection and lightning speed of movement repeatedly... More
After his military demolition of the Austrians (1796–97), Napoleon attempted to impose revolutionary order in Italy. By the Treaty of Campo Formio (1797), Austria retained Venice and its Adriatic appendices, but Piedmont was directly annexed by France, while the spine of northern Italy was converted into the French-controlled Cisalpine Republic... More
Nat Turner was literate, charismatic and highly devout, holding Baptist services for his fellow slaves who dubbed him the ‘Prophet’. Infected by the febrile religiosity, and expectation of the apocalypse, that was sweeping America (both white and black) during the Great Awakening, he began to experience visions. Interpreting a solar... More
Britain agreed a border with Portuguese East Africa in 1875, and then accomplished the annexation, apparently painlessly, of Boer Transvaal in 1877. Now, the bullish British High Commissioner, Henry Bartle Frere, felt ready to move on the last major independent native kingdom: Zululand. Fomenting a dispute, British forces invaded in... More
The American National Park Service was established by President Woodrow Wilson (1916) to manage the network of parks that had begun to be reserved. Yosemite was placed under the protection of the state of California by Abraham Lincoln (1864), but the first genuinely National Park come into being when Yellowstone... More
The swift capture of the capital Madrid was key to General Franco’s attempted overthrow of Spain’s Republican government in the Spanish Civil War (1936–39). With air support and armoured units supplied by Fascist Italy and Germany, Franco’s Nationalist forces, built around veteran colonial troops and legionnaires, easily routed opposing Republican... More
Native American cultures vary significantly across the North American continent, with many aspects of individual tribal cultures being determined by different environmental conditions and landscapes. North America can be split into ten different cultural areas, although some scholars consider certain regions such the two Eastern Woodlands regions to be one,... More
Between 1783–90, the US government ended the colonial practice of negotiating treaties with the Indians to acquire their land, instead they simply occupied Native American lands and any resistance was met by military force. In 1790, the federal government, alarmed by the violent opposition to their land grabs, revived the... More