In the 1820s, the frontier areas of America were swept by a surge of religious revivalism termed the ‘Second Great Awakening’. Joseph Smith, a religious leader who experienced revelatory visions, formed the Church of Christ while living in upstate New York. He moved west, attracting many new followers, and renamed... More
In the early 19th century, western New York State was described as the ‘burned-over’ district, ablaze with evangelism from multiple religious revivals, postmillennialists prophesying the second coming, and various utopian communes. In this febrile atmosphere, young Joseph Smith’s visions of angels leading him to the ancient prophet’s sacred Book of... More
In the year 2000 there were 1,209 mosques across the US, 76 per cent of which were built after 1980. Official figures for religious identity are not gathered as part of the US census, meaning that estimates of the total Muslim population in the US around the year 2000 vary... More
By the 1920s, Kansas City was a thriving commercial and rail hub with 400,000 inhabitants. The Republican National Convention was staged there in 1928, but the city administration of Tom Pendergast was notorious for corruption, and gangsterism was rife, culminating in the 1933 ‘Kansas City Massacre’ involving ‘Pretty Boy Floyd’.... More
The Cumberland Gap is a pass at the bottom of the Appalachian Mountains and is known as ‘the gateway to the west’. In 1790 North Carolina handed this area of land over to the Federal government who called it the Southwest Territory. There were many Euro-American settlers in the region... More
Babur became king of Fergana in modern-day Uzbekistan at 12, when his father was crushed by a collapsing dovecote. He founded the Mughal Empire as an afterthought: his early aspiration had been to capture Samarkand, which he seized, then lost, three times. However, his opportunistic invasion of India became wildly... More
After twelve years of persecution of his Muslim believers and the ostracism of his Hashemite clan, Muhammad led his followers on the Hijra, or ‘flight’ from Mecca to Medina. There he established a political and religious state governed in accordance with his Constitution of Medina. In 624 and 625, Muhammad... More
A successful Allied invasion of mainland Europe relied on a way of rapidly moving vast numbers of troops and supplies ashore for success. Capturing and defending a sizeable French port was seemingly out of the question following the abject failure of the 1942 Dieppe raid, thus the Mulberry harbour concept... More
Mulberry B’s position in the east meant that it was spared the full force of the storm that destroyed Mulberry A. However, this now meant that it also had to accept all American supplies, and by the end of its ten-month lifespan 2.5 million troops had used it to go... More
During the Rashidun caliphate (632–661), control of the Arabian Peninsula and crushing defeat of the Sasanid Empire was achieved within a decade. The Rashiduns then confronted the Byzantine Empire, in Syria and Egypt. The Arab conquest of North Africa was staccato, with two sweeping invasions subsequently halted by military reverses... More
By the 17th century, Islam had been the religion of the world’s primary military, commercial and cultural powers (in various incarnations) for a millennium. Thereafter, the temporal and economic power of Islamic states has been in steep relative decline in relation to their Christian counterparts, but adherence has proved remarkably... More
By 2004 the French Muslim population was the largest in western Europe, accounting for up to 70 per cent of Muslim migrants. The Algerian War of Independence between 1954–62 had resulted in a mass immigration of Algerians, who fled to France after the war had ended to escape persecution as... More