In the early 7th century, the Near East was dominated by an epic conflict between the Byzantines and Sasanians. After reaching the gates of Constantinople, the Sasanians were driven back by the Byzantine emperor, Heraclius. Against this backdrop, the Arabian peninsula was, before the explosive arrival of Islam, peripheral to... More
As the Muslim army of Qalawun threatened the removal of the Franks from Jerusalem in the lead-up to 1291, there was a desperate attempt to recruit new Christian forces from across Europe to defend Christianity’s last grasp of control in the region. As Archbishop of York, John le Romeyn was... More
After the German invasion of the Soviet Union, Britain and its Allies sent convoys of supplies through the Arctic to the Soviet ports of Murmansk and Archangel. Between 1941–45, over four million tons of supplies under the Lend-Lease program, including tanks, aircraft, trucks, tractors, fuel and engines, and general necessities... More
The Allies expected a German invasion through Belgium, and focused their forces in the Low Countries under the ‘Dyle Plan’. The Germans, however, also attacked further south through the Ardennes forest, a landscape assumed to be impassable. A huge mechanized force of panzer divisions, soldiers, motor vehicles, tanks and reconnaissance... More
The Confederate fortifications near the Arkansas Post prevented the Union Army from moving south as part of the Vicksburg Campaign. Union shipping was being obstructed on the Mississippi River, of which the Arkansas River was a tributary. On 9 January 1863, the Union army, under the command of Major General... More
Armenia and Azerbaijan have been engaged in a long-standing dispute over the Nagorno-Karabakh region, which is nominally an autonomous area within Azerbaijan. In 1923 it was allocated to the Azerbaijani SSR by a central Communist bureau, despite having a population which was almost 95 per cent ethnic Armenian at the... More
When the Ottoman Empire declared war on Russia on 2 November 1914, the overall Russian strategy for the Caucasus was defensive; they were outnumbered in the theatre, and valuable targets were remote through this treacherous terrain. However, the local Russian commander of the 1st Caucasian Army Corps decided to make... More
In the 11th century, the Seljuk Turks’ invasions of Anatolia displaced many Armenians from their heartland, with one refugee group finding sanctuary in the eastern Cilician mountains. This settlement became the nucleus of the future kingdom that, by the beginning of the 13th century, had become a substantial regional power,... More
Like many previous major battles of the war, British and French forces planned to target the Germans across two different areas simultaneously in an attempt to capitalize on Allied numerical superiority. British Empire forces were to push east from Arras, whilst securing high ground along Vimy Ridge, in preparation for... More
In response to the rapid panzer advance to the Channel, the town of Arras was reinforced with British Expeditionary Forces (BEF) troops. The British launched a counterattack to delay the German panzer advance and prevent the BEF becoming isolated. Codenamed Frankforce, it was planned to be carried out by two... More
Various historical figures have been considered as candidates for King Arthur; the legend may be a conflation of several historical figures, which would account for the far-flung nature of sites with Arthurian associations. Some of the potential attributions equate Arthur with a leader of the Anglo-Roman resistance to the first... More
Pre-Columbus, the greatest feats of maritime navigation belonged to the Polynesians. Before the Portuguese had reached even the Canaries, Polynesian seafarers had traversed most of the Pacific. The northern seaboards of the Indian Ocean were the conduits of the world’s most lucrative trade routes, with their control fiercely contested by... More