London was both the centre of English government and a hub of international trade, based on the tidal River Thames. Windsor Castle, originally built by William the Conqueror, was strategically located near the River Thames and Windsor Great Park, a royal hunting ground. It was extensively replenished and remodelled by... More
By the beginning of the 18th century, London was a sprawling metropolis of around 600,000, extending far beyond its original walled boundaries. The Great Fire of 1666 destroyed around 60 per cent of the pre-existing, mainly wooden, housing stock. In the rebuilding, a city ordinance specified the use of stone... More
The Great Famine (1315–17) abruptly ended a population explosion in England that had seen the population almost triple since the time of the Domesday Book (1086). The population would recover, barely, before the Black Death wrought devastation of even greater magnitude (1348–50). Combined, these catastrophic events would stall, then reverse,... More
By 190 CE, Londinium had cemented its place as the capital city of Roman Britain. Although, following the Antonine plague, the city had passed its zenith in terms of size and population towards the first half of the second century, the infrastructure was demonstrative of its importance in the Roman... More
Christopher Wren’s design for a new St Paul’s Cathedral was approved on 27 August 1666, one week before the Great Fire destroyed the original. The rebuild still proved a tortuous process, with many opinionated and influential stakeholders. Work eventually began in 1675 and, to mounting disquiet, was not completed until... More
In 1266, by the Treaty of Perth, the king of Norway renounced his claims on the Scottish islands. A minor beneficiary through the now dominant Scottish Crown was Angus MacDonald, who retained his fiefdom on Islay. His successors were, initially at least, either lucky or astute in their political alliances.... More
Aldous Huxley disparagingly described LA as ‘nineteen suburbs in search of a metropolis’ in 1925. The celebrated author’s presence in Los Angeles (as a screenwriter) is a clue to its explosive growth, its magnetic appeal transcending class, culture and continents. After the San Francisco earthquake (1906) stymied its main west... More
By the 1783 Treaty of Paris, the border between New Spain and American territory ran along the Mississippi. In 1795, the United States secured unfettered navigation rights for the Mississippi from the Spanish government. However, in 1802, the US learnt that the French Emperor, Napoleon, then dominating Europe, was about... More
On 11 September 2001, Flights AA11 and UA175 from Boston to Los Angeles, crashed into the north and south towers of the World Trade Centre in Lower Manhattan. Each plane had been hijacked by five al-Qaeda terrorists. Both were Boeing 767 aircraft, with Flight AA11 carrying 87, including crew, and... More
Mesopotamia was an area of immediate strategic importance to the British once the Ottoman Empire entered the war. The oilfields of Iraq and Persia supplied the British refinery at Abadan, and were critical for fuelling the Royal Navy. The offensive began on 6 November with the bombardment and capture of... More
After the fall of New Orleans on 25 April, the Union had high hopes of completing the ‘Anaconda Plan’, which was to encircle the Confederacy by seizing their remaining Mississippi ports. Fresh from New Orleans, Flag Officer David Farragut sailed with a fleet to Vicksburg and demanded its surrender (18... More
The Dutch were the first Europeans to settle in New York, calling it New Amsterdam. Their provincial capital was in Lower New York, at the southern tip of Manhattan Island, between the Hudson and East Rivers. The first settlers were farmers, followed by beaver fur traders, who chose this area... More