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Japanese Invasion of the Dutch East Indies January–March 1942
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Japanese Invasion of the Dutch East Indies January–March 1942
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Japan was eager to expand its influence across Southeast Asia and branded itself as a leading figure against European colonialism as it advanced into territories held by powerful European nations such as Britain, France and the Netherlands. Japan’s first territorial targets of the war were the islands of the Dutch... More
Japanese Invasion of the Philippines 8 December 1941–June 1942
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Japanese Invasion of the Philippines 8 December 1941–June 1942
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The Philippines was home to significant American naval bases, and was well positioned not only for Japanese lines of communication, but also for launching attacks on the Dutch East Indies. On 8 December, just hours after Pearl Harbor, Japanese bombers destroyed American air bases. The United States Asiatic Fleet was... More
Japanese Merchant Shipping Routes 1941–45
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Japanese Merchant Shipping Routes 1941–45
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Japanese shipping routes spanned far and wide, taking in Indonesia, the Philippines, the Pacific Island groups, New Guinea and the Dutch East Indies. The ships were the lifelines for the far-flung Japanese outposts of war, providing ammunition, troops, fuel and food to garrisons across the Pacific. Equally important was the... More
Japanese Merchant Shipping Routes 1941–45
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Japanese Merchant Shipping Routes 1941–45
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As an island nation, Japan was heavily reliant on imports to supply its war effort. Its need for raw materials was a major contributing factor to Japan’s imperial expansion into Southeast Asia and the important oil producing areas of the Dutch East Indies. As Japan launched its offensives into Southeast... More
Jenkin’s Ferry 30 April 1864
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Jenkin’s Ferry 30 April 1864
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By April 1864, the Union Red River Campaign was in disarray. Its commander Nathaniel Banks had been beaten at Mansfield, and his reinforcements under the command of General Frederick Steele seemed marooned in Arkansas, encircled by Confederate armies. After eluding entrapment in the town of Camden, Steele escaped to the... More
Jerusalem Divided 1948–67
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Jerusalem Divided 1948–67
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The British Mandate sought to defuse the Arab uprising (1936–39) by repeated plans for the partition of Palestine, and restrictions on Jewish immigration. In 1947, with the British Mandate scheduled to end, the United Nations backed a new partition plan that would maintain Jerusalem as an internationally administered corpus separatum.... More
Jerusalem in the 12th Century
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Jerusalem in the 12th Century
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The slaughter unleashed by the crusaders during the capture of Jerusalem left it a virtual ghost town. Most of the crusaders then returned home, but a nucleus remained, and began the re-population with an influx of eastern Christians, Armenians from Cilicia and Syrians from Oultrejordain. The economy was rebuilt by... More
Jesuit Missions 1630–1730
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Jesuit Missions 1630–1730
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The Jesuits arrived in Brazil in 1540 just six years after the foundation of the order, reaching the highlands of Paraguay in 1587. They set out to found Christian societies in the impenetrable jungles of the continent. The model communities the Jesuits set up in Latin America were known as... More
Jewish Diaspora 587 BCE–300 CE
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Jewish Diaspora 587 BCE–300 CE
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The Jewish diaspora (‘dispersion’) is the term used to refer to Jews who are exiled from their homeland in Israel. Although many Jews were exiled prior to 587, the first major diaspora was in 586 BCE when the Babylonians conquered Judaea and deported much of the population into slavery. Several... More
Jewish expansion under Hasmonean Dynasty 140–116 BCE
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Jewish expansion under Hasmonean Dynasty 140–116 BCE
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The dynasty derived its name from a distant priestly ancestor, Hasmonaeus, of the family that secured Jewish independence from the Seleucid Empire. Judah, the rebel leader, was killed in battle; his younger brother, Jonathan, took over and by skilful exploitation of Seleucid dynastic rivalries gained the governorship of Judaea and... More
Jewish Immigration 1948–1972
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Jewish Immigration 1948–1972
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The Law of Return (1950), implemented two years after Israel’s inception, invited all Jews to return ‘home’ to Israel. This meant that between 1948–51 the population was doubled (758,000–1.4 million) by Jewish immigrants arriving from Libya, Yemen, Syria, Lebanon, Turkey, Iraq and post-Holocaust Europe. Many Holocaust survivors came from the... More
Jewish Immigration into Palestine During the Last Years of Turkish Rule 1882–1915
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Jewish Immigration into Palestine During the Last Years of Turkish Rule 1882–1915
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The first large scale movement of the Jewish diaspora to the Holy Land in recent history began in 1882. Tsar Alexander II’s assassination in Russia in 1881 led to a severe crackdown on Jewish rights within the country, forcing many to seek refuge elsewhere. This started the first Zionist movement... More