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Anglo Saxon Dioceses 750
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Anglo Saxon Dioceses 750
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Pope Gregory the Great sent Augustine to establish an organized Church in England (597), resulting in the foundation of the sees of Canterbury, Rochester and London. Later, the Irish missionary Aidan founded Lindisfarne (635), from whence the monk and bishop Cedd established a see for the East Saxons at Bradwell... More
Anglo-Saxon England and the Great Heathen Army 865–73
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Anglo-Saxon England and the Great Heathen Army 865–73
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Ragnar Lodbrok (“Hairy-Breeches”) was a renowned Viking warrior and raider who was, according to Icelandic sagas, captured by the Northumbrian king Aella, and put to death in a pit of snakes. The Great Heathen Army, led by three of Ragnar’s sons, was, the sagas claim, a revenge mission. It was... More
Anglo-Saxon England and the Heptarchy
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Anglo-Saxon England and the Heptarchy
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Once Celtic Briton resistance had been largely subdued, Anglo-Saxon rule crystallized into seven main regional power bases, the Heptarchy, with Angles dominant in the Midlands and north, and Saxons in the south. An independent Jutish kingdom survived on the Isle of Wight until late in the 7th century. Borders were... More
Anglo-Saxon England and the Reconquest of Danelaw 900–19
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Anglo-Saxon England and the Reconquest of Danelaw 900–19
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Edward the Elder’s succession to the throne (899) was challenged by his cousin Aethelwold, who sought Danish support for his claim. A force sent by Edward to quell the rebellion was defeated near Huntingdon (902), but Aethelwold died during the battle, leaving Edward undisputed king. Edward then moved steadily to... More
Anglo-Saxon England and the Rise of Wessex
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Anglo-Saxon England and the Rise of Wessex
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In the 8th century, under kings Aethelbald and Offa, Mercia became the dominant Saxon Kingdom, extending their overlordship to the Channel coast. Egbert, who became king of Wessex in 802, maintained a fraught independence for two decades while the bellicose Mercian ruler Coenwulf focussed his aggression on Kent, East Anglia... More
Anglo-Saxon Kingdoms c. 800
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Anglo-Saxon Kingdoms c. 800
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The reign of the legendary King Offa of Mercia ended in 796. Although Mercia continued to be a dominant force in England for much of the next century, the kingdom of Wessex began to grow in power around the time of Offa’s death. Wessex achieved important victories against its main... More
Anglo-Saxons and Vikings 878–86
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Anglo-Saxons and Vikings 878–86
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By 878, the Viking invaders of Britain were suffering mission fatigue. The original Great Heathen Army had split, with a contingent under Halfdan raiding north as far as Scotland. With Northumbria at their mercy, many settled and began to farm the conquered land. The remaining forces under Guthrun harried Wessex... More
Antarctica 2000
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Antarctica 2000
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Early classical geographic theories believed that a vast continent existed in the extreme southerly latitudes and the term Antarctic was first used by the Ancient Greek geographer, Marinus of Tyre. The term Terra Australis appeared on world maps from the 15th century meaning “Southern Land”. European explorers rounded the tip... More
Antietam Campaign 4–20 September 1862
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Antietam Campaign 4–20 September 1862
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In September 1862, the Union was at a low ebb. In July, their Army of the Potomac had been repeatedly outfought and outthought by Robert E. Lee, their attempt to capture Richmond a humiliating failure. In August, the Army of Virginia was decisively defeated at the Second Battle of Bull... More
Aquae Sulis Roman Baths c. 100 CE
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Aquae Sulis Roman Baths c. 100 CE
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The English city of Bath was once the Roman town Aquae Sulis (‘Waters of Sul’). It was established c. 100 when the Romans began building a baths and temple complex on three hot mineral springs. The complex was dedicated to Sulis (Celtic goddess of springs) and Minerva (Roman goddess of... More
Arab Refugees 1948
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Arab Refugees 1948
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The UN Relief Agency estimated 726,000 Palestinian refugees left Israel by the end of the war in 1949. Unsurprisingly, the causes are hotly contested; however, it is clear that there was a significant voluntary component, reflecting a reasonable desire to escape imminent, then actual, war. It is equally clear that... More
Arabia and the Gulf c. 1900
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Arabia and the Gulf c. 1900
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In 1900, the heart of the Arabian peninsula was nominally controlled by the Rashidi dynasty, who, in turn, were even more nominally controlled by the Ottoman Empire. The Rashidis had prevailed in a tribal power struggle with the rival Saudis, forcing them into exile in Kuwait (1891). The main areas... More