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Inca Empire 1438–1525
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Inca Empire 1438–1525
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The Inca Empire mushroomed from the city-state of Cuzco in the Peruvian Andes, under the ruler Pachacuti (1438–71). He organized their territory into four administrative regions: Chinchasuyu, Cuntisuyu, Antisuyu and Collasuyu, and masterminded a tried and tested method of territorial aggrandizement. This involved bribing the rulers of target states with... More
India 1756–1805
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India 1756–1805
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In 1756, the British, under Lieutenant Colonel Robert Clive, ended the Nawab of Bengal’s siege of Calcutta. After his victory at the Battle of Plassey (1757), he fought against the Nawab and his French allies. Clive, sponsored by the British East India Company, became governor of Bengal, beginning two centuries... More
India 1805
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India 1805
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After the Fourth Anglo-Mysore War (1798–99) the British East India Company consolidated its strong position in South India by taking control of territory that was formerly part of the state of Mysore and its allies. After the death of Tipu Sultan in 1799 the Wodeyar family, who had ruled Mysore... More
India and the Empire of the White Huns 500 CE
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India and the Empire of the White Huns 500 CE
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It is unclear which ethnic group the White Huns belonged to, however a scroll dating from c.492 CE, translated in 2007, mentions that they practiced Buddhism and had Iranian names. Their name has appeared in Sanskrit as Sveta Hunas or Kiderites, and in Greek as Ephtalites or Hephthalites. The Hunnic... More
India and the Kushan Empire 100-200 CE
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India and the Kushan Empire 100-200 CE
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The Kushans originated, according to Chinese historical records, in the grasslands of Gansu in the northwest of China, where they were known as the Yuezhi and made up of a loose confederation five nomadic tribes. They are reputed to have spoken an Indo-European language of Iranian or Tocharian origin. They... More
India at the Time of Clive c. 1760
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India at the Time of Clive c. 1760
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Robert Clive (1725–74) was born in Shropshire in 1725. He started his career in India as a Factor or Agent dealing with suppliers to the East India Company. The political situation in India, at least as far as the Europeans were concerned, was influenced by wars being fought in Europe.... More
India c. 1500
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India c. 1500
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The primary powers in pre-Mughal India occupied the far north and south of the subcontinent. Both Krishnadevaraya (r. 1509–29) of Viyanayagar, and Sikander Lodi (r. 1489–517) of the Delhi Sultanate were approximations of Renaissance rulers: cultured, expansive, open to trade and effective in both war and government. Although not inveterate... More
India c.1795
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India c.1795
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During the first century or so of the East India Company’s existence it employed a few hundred soldiers as guards for its trading stations and possessions in transit. Great expansion of its armed force began under Clive; by the early 1760s it had 26,000 men under arms and by 1778... More
India of the early Vedas 1500–900 BCE
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India of the early Vedas 1500–900 BCE
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The early Vedic period is from 1500–900 BCE. At the beginning of this period, Aryan nomads migrated from Eurasia (possibly the Baltic region) to the northern Indus valley, embracing Udichya, Madhyama-Dish, Vajji, Dakshina-Patha and part of Pratichya. They called this region ’Brahamvarta’ which means ‘land of the gods’. Their religious... More
India of the Puranas: Cultural Regions c. 500
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India of the Puranas: Cultural Regions c. 500
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The Puranas are Sanskrit texts, written during ancient India’s golden age c. 500 CE. While these narratives, written in couplets, describe the cosmology of the Hindu universe and the genealogy of gods, kings and the first humans (Manus), they also provide historical insights into the regional composition of India during... More
India on the Eve of Babur’s invasion 1525
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India on the Eve of Babur’s invasion 1525
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Pre-Mughal India was enticingly prosperous, divided and exposed. The Muslim conqueror and first Mughal emperor, Babur, was a descendant of the Mongol ruler Timur, who established himself as a regional warlord in Kabul. Babur’s invasion came by invitation: to intervene in a dynastic struggle within the Lodi Sultanate of Delhi.... More
India to c. 1707
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India to c. 1707
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Akbar the Great (1556–1605) established a government system based on subahs, or provinces, further subdivided into sarkars. His taxation methodology was enlightened, calculated as a percentage of the previous decade’s harvests, with remissions for crop failures. His conquests of Gujarat (1572) and Bengal (1574), gave the Mughal Empire its first... More