The “Four Horsemen” were seminal figures in the foundation and early expansion of the AME, the first independent black denomination in the United States. The first Horseman was Richard Allen (1760–1831); although born a slave, Allen managed to purchase his freedom and became a Methodist preacher, initiating his own independent... More
In preparation for a final attempt to retake Guadalcanal, the Japanese sent a warship fleet to destroy Henderson Field, subsequently allowing troops to land unimpeded the following day. Under the command of Vice-Admiral Abe, the Japanese warships passed south of Savo Island, spreading out into a disorganized formation due to... More
Following the retreat of Abe’s ships, a second bombardment fleet was put under the command of Vice-Admiral Kondo. He split his forces on either side of Savo Island in an attempt to locate the US battleships in the area. The Americans knew of the general Japanese attack plan due to... More
The operations of the Guadalcanal campaign were carried out with the main objective of establishing an Allied air and troop presence in the southern Solomon Islands in order to secure the important shipping route between Australia and the USA. In 1942 the Japanese began construction of an airbase on Guadalcanal... More
The Guadalcanal landings were launched with significant uncertainty concerning the terrain of the island, as the only maps available to the troops were out of date. The US marine landing force was dropped on the island at 09:00 on 7 August along Red Beach, east of Lunga Point and the... More
Operation Forager, the Allied recapture of Guam, the largest of the Mariana Islands, began with aerial bombing on 11 June 1944, followed by a naval bombardment. Faced with the island’s treacherous reefs and cliffs, the Americans’ series of landings, begun on 21 July, were extremely difficult and slow, and they... More
As part of Japan’s strategy to expand its sphere of influence into the western Pacific and Southeast Asia, the US territory of Guam was targeted for invasion upon Japan’s entry into the war. Prior to the Japanese attack on 8 December, the US Congress had declined requests for reinforcements to... More
The Habsburg dynasty originated in the canton of Aargau, Switzerland, and the first notable Habsburg is Rudolph, who was crowned emperor of Rome in 1273, and moved the family’s power base to Austria. A series of conquests, alliances and strategic marriages meant that Habsburg family territories had soon expanded into... More
There are a number of possible motivations for the construction of Hadrian’s Wall, which began in 122 CE, a few years after Hadrian’s ascension to the imperial throne. It symbolized the northernmost reaches of Roman-occupied Britain, however evidence suggests that it may have served more as a customs border or... More
A former slave and educated Roman Catholic, Toussaint L’Ouverture (the ‘Black Napoleon’) led the Haitian Revolution in 1791. L’Ouverture, inspired by the French Revolution and its rhetoric of equality and independence and appalled by the abuses suffered by generations of African slaves at the hands of white planters, joined the... More
When Virginia seceded in April 1861, departing Union defenders hastily destroyed the Gosport naval dockyard, and the ironclad USS Merrimack was left wrecked at the bottom of the harbour. The Confederates salvaged then restored her, and by March 1862, rechristened the CSS Virginia, she was ready for action. Sailing across... More
In the First Punic War (264–241 BCE), the Romans emerged victorious from a largely naval conflict. In 218 BCE the Carthaginian general Hannibal decided to take the war to Rome with an unprecedented overland invasion, which involved taking his troops, including cavalry and war elephants, across the Alps. The strategy... More