The earliest stone structures at Great Zimbabwe date to c. 1000, and the main construction took place from the 13th century, possibly through resettlement of the founders of Mapungubwe to the south. The original settlers at the site belong to the Gokomere culture, a Shona people. By the 15th century,... More
The metalworking of iron and copper began over a thousand years ago around Phalaborwa, helping to fuel the development of southern Africa’s first state system based on the settlement of Mapungubwe. By the 13th century, the regional centre of power had drifted north to Great Zimbabwe, the primary settlement of... More
The Bulgars fought alongside the Russian Army in the 1877–78 Russo-Turkish war and were rewarded with the creation of an autonomous Bulgarian principality in the Treaty of San Stefano. However, the other Great Powers intervened and drastically pruned the territory of the new state, leaving many ethnic Bulgars outside its... More
In 1942 Germany, which sought to establish the Greater German Reich in Europe, dominated most of the continent. Austria and Luxembourg had been completely absorbed, as had the ‘General Government for the occupied Polish area’, which was established by a decree in October 1939 and was located in the centre... More
Following Ottoman defeat in World War I, Greek forces had been allowed to occupy Smyrna from May 1919 after citing fears that its Christian population was under threat. The Greek occupation was initially supported by Britain and in summer 1920 the Greeks expanded their military occupation of western Anatolia. In... More
The starting point of the Peloponnesian War was the expansion of Athenian power, especially as it began to extend into the Greek west and Sicily. Corinth, strategically placed on the route northwest was feeling increasingly vulnerable, and when the Athenians and Corinthians clashed diplomatically over the island of Corcyra (Corfu)... More
The city of Thebes, according to legend founded by King Cadmus, was located in Boeotia, the fertile region of central Greece. In 447 BCE the city of Thebes instigated the foundation of the Alliance of Boeotians, which shared a common foreign policy and defensive force. The Boeotians were allies of... More
The colonies of ‘Greater Greece’ were planted as far afield as Spain and North Africa, but nowhere compared for prosperity, power and density of settlement to southern Italy and Sicily. Often, the impetus for colonization was domestic misfortune, either brought about by rival Greek city-states, or, as in the case... More
Joseph Greenburg’s 1987 theory proposed that all Native American languages fit into one of three overarching groups. In addition to the previously established Eskimo-Aleut and Na-Dene groups, in 1960 Greenburg had proposed the existence of another broad language group that he termed ‘Amerind’ and in his 1987 work he classified... More
As Revolution neared, the black population of the Thirteen Colonies was approaching half a million: the majority were slaves. From 1680–1740 the black population had doubled and between 1740 and 1770 it tripled in most states, with Virginia having the largest black population, at 187,605. In the northern states of... More
The establishment of the Muhammad Ali dynasty in 1805 ushered in a new era of Egyptian prosperity, the legacy of which is most visible in the various developments that took place in Cairo. Although Muhammad Ali began the process of modernization in Egypt, he did not oversee much construction in... More
Christianity is the largest religion in the world, with 2.5 billion adherents, or 31.2% of the total world population in 2015. The explosive growth of Christianity outside the West has made it the fastest growing global religion, and it is predicted that by 2050 there will be 3 billion Christians... More