Admiral Linois was no Horatio Nelson. While the hero of Trafalgar was kissing Hardy, the Frenchman was rounding the Cape with his ‘battle fleet’; after spending three years sailing the length and breadth of the Indian Ocean he had failed to capture a single vessel, or win a single battle... More
The Battle of Glorieta Pass has been described, hyperbolically, as the ‘Gettysburg of the West’. A Confederate victory would leave their way open to Fort Union, the key federal stronghold, and, even more crucially, the depot for Union stores: Confederate General Sibley badly needed to resupply. On 25 March, an... More
By 1400, a middle-aged Owain Glyndwr appeared to have settled for the comfortable life of a country squire in Powys, until a land dispute erupted with his well-connected English neighbour, Baron Grey de Ruthyn. Furious at his treatment, Glyndwr first gathered followers to ravage Grey’s lands, then moved to open... More
Following the establishment of the beachheads on both Juno and Gold beaches and the movement of the bulk of armoured troops ashore by 7 June, all ground covered under the D-Day objectives was taken. To the east, the city of Bayeux was liberated from German occupation after British forces that... More
Gold was the central of the five D-Day landing beaches. British forces conducted the offensive against sectors Jig, King and part of Item so that the town of Arromanches sustained as little damage as possible, ready for the installation of Mulberry harbour B. Covert sampling of all D-Day beaches was... More
Simón Bolívar, a soldier and statesman known as “The Liberator”, led the revolutions against Spanish rule in the northern regions of South America. His military career began in 1810, when he fought in support of Venezuelan independence. However, his efforts failed, and he fled abroad in 1815, returning to Venezuela... More
After the third partition in 1795, Polish populations remained concentrated in the annexed territories and were keen to have their sovereignty restored. Many fought with Napoleon against Austria, Russia and Prussia, now a prominent German state, the partitioning powers. They believed that if they supported Napoleon they would (as a... More
The Granger movement was initiated by Oliver Hudson Kelley, an official of the Department of Agriculture, in 1867. Its founding body, the Patrons of Husbandry (the Grange), was dedicated to modernizing farming practice. From its origins in the Midwest, the movement spread across the country, reaching a peak membership of... More
By 2 November 1862, Union forces controlled the Mississippi River and used the Mississippi tributaries to transport men and weapons, enabling them to win a series of victories in the west. . Despite repeated Union efforts, however, the stretch around Vicksburg remained firmly in Confederate hands. On 3 November, Ulysses... More
Vicksburg was described as the ‘Gibraltar of the Confederacy’; built on a heavily fortified bluff overlooking the Mississippi, its approaches comprised a complex maze of swamp and bayou which bemired one Union offensive after another. In spring 1863, Union Commander Grant ordered a passable route built down the western approaches... More
In the 1700s the English colonies encountered ‘revivalism’, part of a larger evangelical movement in Britain, known as the ‘Great Awakening’. The first revival was in 1734 in Northampton, Massachusetts, when a clergyman, Jonathan Edwards, disillusioned with the established church, rejected congregationalism, wanting his parishioners to be re-awakened and filled... More
Restoration London was built for a bonfire. Crowded, thatched wooden houses were crammed alongside tarpaper shanties. Many citizens stored gunpowder, and chandlers piled barrels of it along the waterfront. When fire broke out in a bakery on Pudding Lane, heat, high winds, and a long drought quickly combined to create... More