Parthia was the scene of one of the Roman Empire’s most crushing defeats. Seven legions of the Roman army, led by wealthy politician and military commander, Marcus Licinius Crassus, advanced into Carrhae in 53 BCE, as part of a strategy to conquer the powerful Parthian Empire. The 35,000-strong legions advanced... More
As one of the first large scale Allied offensives of the war, the first battle of Champagne proved a stern test of tactics from which the French would have to learn. To capitalize on the strategically vulnerable position of the Noyon salient, the furthest extent of German progress into France,... More
In the early summer, Major-General Townshend’s 6th Division sailed up the Tigris in an assorted flotilla of boats, capturing both Amara and Nasiriyah. By this stage, the initial objective of the Mesopotamian campaign, to safeguard the oil-rich south of the region, had been more than achieved. However, the British High... More
In September 1914 the Russians gained an intelligence advantage over the enemy, when papers recovered from a dead German officer revealed the massing of Central Powers forces in Silesia. Forewarned of impending attack, the Russians began to fall back towards the River Vistula. The German mastery of their enemies’ military... More
The Germans initiated a rolling offensive on 18 October 1914, starting in Belgium, and extending the length of the western front. The primary focus of the attack was to amputate the Ypres salient, which protruded eastward between Steenstrat and St Eloi. At the northern end of the salient, there was... More
The Chindits began their first raid under Operation Longcloth on 8 February 1943 and set out from Imphal towards the Burmese border, which they crossed on 13 February. The force split into a north and south group, with the south group heading on a direct route to act as a... More
The Zeppelin L9 was meant to raid London on 6 June 1915. The weather over London was too poor for a raid to be viable, so under the command of German Captain Lieutenant Heinrich Mathy, the Zeppelin was redirected to Hull. At 24.00 the first bombs fell in east Hull,... More
In 264 BCE, Carthage, then the dominant power in the western Mediterranean, intervened in Sicily to support the city of Messina in a dispute with the tyrant of Syracuse. Fearing this to be a prelude to a Carthaginian takeover of the island, the Romans invaded, taking both Messina and Syracuse,... More
The Fishbourne Palace, on the outskirts of Novio Magus Reginorum (Chichester), was constructed within 50 years of the Roman conquest of Britain (43 CE). Its site was a military base during the initial invasion, and it is a mark of the efficiency with which the Pax Romana was imposed that... More
Fisher’s Hill was the second battle of the Shenandoah Valley Campaign. After their defeat at Winchester on 19 September, the remains of the Confederate army moved to Fisher’s Hill, a natural fortification which blocked access to the lower valley region. Under the overall command of Jubal A. Early, the 9,000-strong... More
Not everyone was enamoured by the prospect of Ireland’s first railway. Lord Cloncurry, who had been imprisoned in the Tower of London on suspicion of treason after the Irish rebellion of 1798 and owned property at Blackrock, demanded compensation including a private footbridge, a hedge for privacy, and a Romanesque... More
The Spanish regarded the North American Gulf Coast as their turf in the 17th century, sandwiched as it was between their colonies in Mexico and Florida. They were therefore taken aback to find the ruined remains of the French Fort St Louis on the Texas coast in 1689. The French... More