On 7 April 1939, Italian forces took Albanians by surprise, ensuring that they were unable to organize an effective resistance, and within a week Italy had annexed Albania. In support of Albanian aspirations to a ‘Greater Albania’, they gained some popularity with their subjects by subsequently annexing Kosovo to Albania... More
The Sassanid Empire poised itself for an invasion of Byzantine Egypt following its victories in the eastern Byzantine territories of Syria and Palestine. After entering Egypt in 617, the Sassanids reached its capital Alexandria in 619. Sources describing the battle for the city are scarce and give varying accounts of... More
The prosperity of the 18th century translated into a rapid improvement in Ireland’s infrastructure. Financed from Dublin, the transport network radiated from the city, a combination of turnpike roads and canals. The port of Dublin’s dominance was accentuated by the steady elimination of punitive duties originally imposed by England on... More
Having broken through the Gustav Line and captured Rome, the Allies pursued the German 10th Army, which was retreating northwards, demolishing bridges and mining the roads as it went. Nevertheless, by 17 June the Allies had rapidly reached the Trasimere Line. Meanwhile, however, the Germans had been building a new... More
After the closing of Falaise Pocket on 22 August and resultant death or surrender of around 60,000 German troops, the last German stronghold within Allied lines was enveloped. The Allies were now free to march northeast to clear the coastal ports which were under orders not to surrender because they... More
In July 1914, the Royal Navy initiated the observational and distant blockades. The North Sea was filled with ‘observational’ vessels that patrolled its waters looking for enemy ships, submarines and contraband, and stopping and searching shipping. Contraband meant any foods or raw materials destined for Germany. Within weeks, surveillance was... More
To provide the Soviets with aid, Convoy PQ17 sailed from Hvalfjord in Iceland to the Russian port of Arkhangelsk on 27 June 1942. This journey was possible in the summer months because of reduced Arctic ice but perpetual daylight made it more risky. The convoy comprised 34 merchant ships, along... More
As part of the planning for the D-Day landings the vital first step to enabling both the bombardment and troop deployment vessels to safely carry out their objectives was to clear mines from their approach channels. This job fell to the minesweepers, which formed flotillas of nine vessels of varying... More
The minimization of threats against ships and landing craft transporting Allied troops was paramount to the success of Operation Neptune. Naval and aerial patrols of the English Channel extended out to the Atlantic so that German warships and submarines could be intercepted as far away from the Channel crossing route... More
After consideration of numerous proposals for the division of Germany between the major Allied countries, the eventual terms of partition were agreed to at the Potsdam Conference in July and August 1945. The agreement followed plans that were originally outlined at the Yalta Conference in February 1945. The Allies established... More
With the momentum of the war finally swinging in their favour, the Allied forces of the British Empire, US, and China launched a three-front attack on Burma. The push into Burma had to be completed within six months before the start of the next monsoon season. In the south, Indian... More
After the evacuation of Dunkirk, Churchill ordered the assembly of a special force of highly trained individuals. He described ‘leopards’ who could ‘spring at the throats’ of the enemy and participate in a counteroffensive against Nazi-occupied Europe. Known as commandos, they specialized in surprise and speed, attacking German coastal defensive... More