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Expansion of Rome 500–218 BCE
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Expansion of Rome 500–218 BCE
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After deposing their last Etruscan king, Tarquin, in 509 BCE, the new Roman republic first consolidated its power, by alliance or conquest, over the plain of Latium. The Romans then confronted their former overlords and neighbours, the Etruscans, seizing control of the River Tiber in 396 BCE. Rome itself was... More
Expansion of Russia 1598-1914
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Expansion of Russia 1598-1914
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Russian conquests in central Asia were a piecemeal affair, with frequent diversions to more pressing European entanglements. Subduing the Caucasus took a century (1763–1864), and was finally achieved only by forcibly expelling the rebellious Circassians from their mountain strongholds. These campaigns provoked repeated wars with Persia (1804–13, 1826–28). East of... More
Expansion of Russia: 1530–1618
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Expansion of Russia: 1530–1618
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The reign of Ivan IV ‘the Terrible’ (1547–84) was marked by great vicissitudes, often exacerbated by his own violent temperament. He brought about great expansion of the empire, with the subjugation of the khanates of Astrakhan, Kazan and Sibir. This took his rule south to the Caucasus and deep into... More
Expansion of Sparta 8th to 5th Centuries BCE
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Expansion of Sparta 8th to 5th Centuries BCE
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Sparta’s homeland was in Laconia, a Greek city-state in the southern Peloponnese. Run by a military elite who concentrated on warfare and politics, it forbade money-making activity. Each Spartan warrior was given a plot of land, farmed by state slaves (helots). Land was at a premium and in the 8th... More
Expansion of the Qin 316–209 BCE
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Expansion of the Qin 316–209 BCE
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During the ‘Warring States’ period in China (476–221 BCE), a number of kingdoms vied for supremacy. The Qin ruled a relatively modest fiefdom on the western periphery. In the mid 4th century BCE, the statesman Shang Yang established strong centralized rule, and founded their new capital, Xianyang. After the expansionist... More
Expeditions of Jedediah Smith 1826–30
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Expeditions of Jedediah Smith 1826–30
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Jedediah Smith became one of the ‘hundred enterprising young men’ who answered General William Ashley’s call to explore the American North West and compete with British interests in the fur trade. After various exploits, including a mauling by a grizzly bear in Wyoming, Ashley offered him a partnership in his... More
Exploration of Greenland 1888–1951
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Exploration of Greenland 1888–1951
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In the 19th century there was an obsession with exploration, which generated a competitive drive to be the first to map unexplored and dangerous terrain. This was perhaps the case with Norwegian explorer, Fridtjof Nansen, whose team, in 1888, used cross-country skis to be the first to cross Greenland’s icy... More
Exploration of Polar Regions 1893–1941
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Exploration of Polar Regions 1893–1941
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Fridtjof Nansen made the first (European) crossing of Greenland in 1888, in preparation for his attempt on the North Pole. Voyaging east along the northern coast of Siberia in 1893, Nansen aimed to use the natural drift of the sea ice to propel him towards the Pole, but his eventual... More
Exploration of The Northwest and East Passages 1903–34
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Exploration of The Northwest and East Passages 1903–34
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The Northwest and East Passages are Arctic shipping routes connecting the Atlantic to the Pacific. Explorers had been looking for faster trading routes from Europe to Asia through the Arctic since the mid-1500s. Norwegian explorer, Roald Amundsen first traversed the Northwest Passage, through the Canadian Arctic archipelago, in 1902–05. It... More
Explorers in Africa 1840–89
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Explorers in Africa 1840–89
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19th-century Europeans ventured into the African interior from a mixture of motives: trailblazers for colonization, Christian missionary work, scientific research, or – in Henry Morton Stanley’s search for Dr Livingstone – a journalist’s desire for the ultimate scoop. Alfred Grandidier was more altrusitic, exploring South America before falling in love... More
Exxon Valdez Oil Spill 1989
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Exxon Valdez Oil Spill 1989
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The Exxon Valdez supertanker was carrying 50 million tons of crude oil when, while attempting to navigate Prince William Sound in Alaska, it collided with the Bligh Reef on 24 March 1989, causing a spillage that would eventually reached 11 million gallons. At the time, it was the worst oil... More
Faiyum and the Delta c. 1937–1759 BCE
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Faiyum and the Delta c. 1937–1759 BCE
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During the 12th Dynasty, a succession of strong rulers devoted much of their energy to developing the natural resources and improving the infrastructure of the kingdom. Amenenhat I established a new royal city, Itjtawy, near Faiyum, and secured the eastern Nile delta, a perennial weak point in Egypt’s defences, with... More