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  Ethnic Population 1991

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  Ethnic Population 1991

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  From 1951–91, the British population born outside the UK almost doubled, and, as a percentage of the total population, increased from 4.3 to 7.3 per cent. By 2011, the population born outside the UK had increased to 13.4 per cent. Traditionally, the largest non-UK component in the population has been... More
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  Ethnic Russia Former boundary of USSR to 1991

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  Ethnic Russia Former boundary of USSR to 1991

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  Just prior to 1991, the USSR consisted of 15 countries and many ethnic groups. Although most of the USSR’s population were ethnic Russians, several republics maintained some autonomy and a distinct non-Russian ethnicity. Turkic peoples lived in Russian Siberia and the Central Asian republics and Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan region. They... More
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  Ethno-Linguistic Groups of the Middle East

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  Ethno-Linguistic Groups of the Middle East

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  The Middle East is divided into a patchwork of ethno-linguistic groups whose movements and settlement have been determined by many hundreds, even thousands, of years of migration within the region. Arabs dominate the southern areas around the Arabian Peninsula, with many neighbouring areas using Arabic as a second language. Along... More
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  Etruscan Expansion 575 BCE

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  Etruscan Expansion 575 BCE

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  Etruscan civilization had its roots in coastal central Italy and was flourishing by 600 BCE. The Etruscans were traders who mined, and sold, valuable minerals such as copper and iron. By 600 BCE, influenced by the Greek model, they formed themselves into twelve city-states, each a political unit. They expanded... More
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  Europe 11 November 1918

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  Europe 11 November 1918

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  In response to the shipping losses being inflicted by German submarines in the Atlantic, the US entered World War I in April 1917, slowly building up the Allies’ land forces to the point when, in August 1918, they could launch a final, decisive ‘Hundred Days Offensive’, which forced the Germans... More
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  Europe 1500

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  Europe 1500

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  While the Renaissance reached a crescendo in its Italian heartland, the balance of political power shifted towards the continental periphery. In the east, the fall of Constantinople (1453) opened the path for Ottoman conquest of the Balkans. To the north, Ivan the Great of Muscovy managed to throw off the... More
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  Europe 1600

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  Europe 1600

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  In the late 16th century, elective monarchy appeared an increasingly successful model for governance. In the Poland-Lithuania Commonwealth, the enshrinement of the powers of the nobility in the Golden Liberty (1573) ushered in a period of unparalleled prosperity and political power. The newly independent Netherlands under their Stadtholders rapidly became... More
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  Europe 1648

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  Europe 1648

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  1648 saw the end of the devastating Thirty Years’ War through the treaties of Osnabrück and Münster, collectively known as the Treaty of Westphalia. The Eighty Years’ War (or ‘Dutch Revolt’) and the Spanish-Habsburg quest for dominance in the Netherlands also came to a halt, with Spain finally recognizing Dutch... More
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  Europe 1700

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  Europe 1700

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  The turn of the 17th century was sandwiched between the Great Turkish War (1683–97), which effectively ended Ottoman expansion into Europe, and the Great Northern War (1700–21), through which Russia wrested control of the Baltic from Sweden, and effectively replaced the Ottomans as Europe’s threat to the east. The nightmare... More
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  Europe 1807

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  Europe 1807

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  Having routed the Third Coalition raised against him at Austerlitz (1805), Napoleon was in characteristically uncompromising mood when a Fourth Coalition was raised against him in 1806. The volunteer cannon fodder on this occasion were Prussia, Russia, Saxony, Sweden and, in the background, Britain. Prussia bore the brunt, crushed at... More
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  Europe 1920–21 Post War Settlements

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  Europe 1920–21 Post War Settlements

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  The reconstruction era (1920–21) after World War I created a new map of Europe, accompanied by a series of complex territorial disputes. Germany (the Weimar Republic) was stripped of 25,000 sq. miles (65,000 sq. km) of territory. On Germany’s eastern and northern borders, the Treaty of Versailles resorted to plebiscites,... More
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  Europe after the First World War 1919–22

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  Europe after the First World War 1919–22

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  The end of the First World War brought a radical redrawing of European borders, with the death of empires giving birth to a host of nation states. From the collapse of the Russian and German empires emerged Finland, the Baltic states, and Poland, most of whom had to fight against... More