The town of Corinth sat at the intersection of the Memphis-Charleston and Mobile-Ohio rail lines – a junction Confederate Secretary of War Roy LePope Walker described as the ‘vertebrae of the Confederacy’. To capture Corinth, the Union General Halleck had a force commensurate with its strategic importance, around 120,000 strong.... More
Scapa Flow, a natural harbour in the Orkney Islands off the northeast coast of Scotland, was the base of the Home Fleet. In October 1939, a daring attack by a German U-Boat successfully sunk HMS Royal Oak at anchor, killing 834 men. The U-47 had stealthily entered Scapa Flow through... More
The Germans launched their invasion of Denmark and Norway in Operation Weserübung on 9 April 1940. The Allies and Germans both had plans to occupy Scandinavia, in particular Norway, which was seen as an important strategic territory due to its maritime access to the Atlantic and its northern port of... More
The period 1937–45 saw numerous large scale deportations of various ethnic groups within the Soviet Union. These peripheral groups were seen as threats to the wartime stability of the Soviet Union and, as a result, were mostly sent to work in Siberian gulags or to populate forced labour camps in... More
Following Iraq’s invasion of Kuwait in August 1990, US forces had been amassed within Saudi Arabia under Operation Desert Shield to offer protection against the threat of an Iraqi invasion and to prepare for the removal of Iraqi forces in Kuwait. The regional coalition, which was organized by the US,... More
Coalition troop movements during Operation Desert Storm aimed to secure a quick advance on the main objective of Kuwait City by US Marines, whilst outflanking the defending forces with a straight thrust into Iraq itself before conducting a turn eastwards. US air superiority and a gulf in technological capabilities between... More
From about 10,500 BCE the arid post-Ice Age Sahara was slowly transformed by increased rainfall; by 3500 BCE the Sahara Desert was a fertile steppe, covered in grass and woodland. Lake Chad was created by rivers, which cascaded from surrounding mountains. The fertile soil made northern and eastern Africa one... More
In March 2010, eleven years after devolution in 1999, the Parliament of the United Kingdom made an agreement to transfer powers to assemblies in Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales. Main powers devolved included agriculture, education, environment and health. The United Kingdom government still retained control of defence and national security,... More
Operation Jubilee, the Allied attack on the port of Dieppe on 19 August 1942, was conceived for many reasons, effectively rendering it a practice exercise for future operations. There was a desire to test German reaction capabilities, Stalin’s request for relief of pressure on the eastern front and an attempt... More
In 284 CE Diocletian, a high-ranking soldier in the imperial bodyguard, was proclaimed emperor of the declining Roman Empire, after he avenged his predecessor’s assassination. Diocletian began his reign by creating more administrative efficiency within the empire. He invested two further emperors, making himself the first emperor. He then divided... More
Britain gained possession of vast new territories in North America in the 1763 Treaty of Paris. However, the British government had incurred ruinous debts in the preceding war, and the new dominions would be costly to pacify, administer and defend. They were determined to recoup some of that cost from... More
When Germany began its invasion of the Soviet Union with Operation Barbarossa in June 1941, the Soviet command was caught off guard by the speed of the German advance. Key industrial and agricultural regions around Russia’s two major cities, Moscow and Leningrad, and in the Ukraine came under imminent threat... More