Following many years of poverty and famine, in 1966 the Communist leader Mao Zedong launched ‘the (Great Proletarian) Cultural Revolution’ in an attempt to recentralize his position in the party, to reinvigorate its Marxist ideology, and to combat reactionary, capitalist tendencies. Cadres of young, zealous ‘Red Guards’ were recruited around... More
The end of the first millennium was a period of transition in Mesoamerica. The Toltecs, the dominant power for two centuries, were in decline, evicted from the Yucatan peninsula by a confederation of Mayan city-states, the League of Mayapan. The Toltec capital, Tula, with a peak population of c. 60,000,... More
According to the 2010 Religion census, the US is divided into thirteen ‘religious regions’. Overall, Catholics account 19.1 per cent of the population, with the various Protestant bodies accounting for 29.7 per cent of the population. The total tally of Christian worshippers in the US, according to the 2010 Census,... More
In 1878 the Ottoman Turks ceded Cyprus to the British Empire, which annexed the island in 1925. The majority of the population was made up of Greek Cypriots, who desired enosis (union with Greece), which the Turkish Cypriots rejected. After three decades of unrest, Cyprus gained its independence from Britain... More
In 1192 the Knights Templar sold Cyprus to the dispossessed King of Jerusalem, the French crusader, Guy de Lusignan. It remained in the Lusignan family until 1489. In 1285 the Lusignan dynast, Henri II, became both King of Cyprus and Jerusalem. In 1291 he lost Acre, Jerusalem’s last stronghold, to... More
By 1997, Ireland was an emerging Celtic Tiger with rising prosperity through agricultural exports, and booming finance and construction sectors. The ruling Fine Gael/Labour coalition was in the rare position of being able to boast a budget surplus. The 1997 election produced an unusual realignment. Fine Gael actually gained votes... More
After a couple of minor, but morale-boosting, successes at New Hope Church and Pickett’s Mill, Confederate Commander Joseph E. Johnston hoped at Dallas to continue the reboot of his staccato defence against the Union invasion. Noticing troop withdrawals by his Union Counterpart William Sherman’s eastern flank, Johnston ordered Brigadier General... More
There were two competing claimants for the original settlement of Dallas; they produced conflicting surveys resulting in the doglegged streets that persist today in Downtown. Dallas is a byword for brash Texas glitz epitomized by the eponymous soap opera. After one major boom and bust based on cotton in the... More
In the early 7th century, Damascus was part of the Byzantine Empire and one of the foremost commercial and cultural centres of the Middle East. It had fortifications matching its importance, enclosed by 36-ft (11-m) high walls, and its defending forces were commanded by Thomas, son-in-law of the Byzantine emperor.... More
Danebury is an Iron Age hillfort in Hampshire, England, which was extensively excavated by Barry Cunliffe in the 1970s. When first occupied, around 550 BCE, it was guarded by a single rampart-and-ditch ring but, over time, extra layers of defence were added, with the ramparts mounted by first wood, then... More
The five boroughs of Danelaw were established by Alfred the Great through the Peace of Wedmore, agreed with the Danish king Guthrum in 878. When Alfred died he was succeeded by his son, Edward the Elder, although Edward’s cousin, Ethelwald, disputed the succession. Ethelwald gained Danish Viking support and invaded... More
By summer 1805, a new coalition against Napoleon’s Imperial France had formed, beginning the War of the Third Coalition. In September, Austrian General Mack began a march into Bavaria to secure the city of Ulm which had a favourable defensive position that he believed would be necessary to protect against... More