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Chiefdoms of the Mississippi c. 1500 BCE–400 CE
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Chiefdoms of the Mississippi c. 1500 BCE–400 CE
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Watson Brake, in northern Louisiana, is the oldest example of the mound-building cultures that would come to dominate the Mississippi river basin. Initiated in around 3500 BCE, 11 mounds form an oval 900 feet (274 m) across. Nearby Poverty Point represents the apogee of this early phase, with six massive... More
Chimú Prior to Inca expansion 1000–1438
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Chimú Prior to Inca expansion 1000–1438
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By the time the Chimú were rising to prominence at the end of the first millennium, the preceding Huari and Moche cultures of the Peruvian seaboard had long faded, but the Chimú inherited – and enhanced – their mastery of irrigation and metalwork. The Chimú capital at Chan Chan was... More
China 1934–45
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China 1934–45
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Following the outbreak of the civil war in China in 1930 between the Communists and the Kuomintang (Chinese Nationalists), and the weakening effect of the ‘Soviets’ that were springing up around the country, the Japanese seized their chance to annexe Manchuria (Manchukuo), a valuable source of raw materials for their... More
China 400 CE
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China 400 CE
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Following the fall of the Western Jin dynasty (215–316 CE), there was mass migration to the south of China, to below the Yangtze River. The Eastern Jin dynasty was established; Sima Rui named himself Emperor Yuan of Jin in 317 CE and established the capital at Jiankang. The Eastern Jin’s... More
China 420–502 CE
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China 420–502 CE
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The era of the great north-south divide in China is known as the Northern and Southern Dynasties. In the north, the end of the Sixteen Kingdoms saw the powerful Tuoba clan unify the northern states and create the Northern Wei, the most influential dynasty of the whole Northern and Southern... More
China 560 CE
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China 560 CE
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In 557 CE, the Chen dynasty was established after the fall of the Liang dynasty and was the fourth, and last, of the Southern Dynasties era. Southern China, however, had been crippled by years of war and, despite military victories and an exertion of power against Northern Qi, the Chen... More
China and Japan: Intervention and Invasions 1927–41
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China and Japan: Intervention and Invasions 1927–41
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After the collapse of the Qing Dynasty, the new republic soon resorted to martial law, before disintegrating into an unstable network of warlord-run fiefdoms. In 1926 Chiang Kai-Shek, successor of the ex-republican president, moved against the warlords from his Guangdong base. His army, the Kuomintang (KMT), had Soviet advisers, and... More
China under the Kuomintang (KMT) 1928–37
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China under the Kuomintang (KMT) 1928–37
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When Chiang Kai-Shek became KMT (Chinese Nationalist Party) leader in 1925, he sought to re-unify China by military means. His Northern expedition of 1927–28 led to the capture of Beijing and the subjugation of the local warlords – temporarily. In truth, KMT control was fragile outside of its south-eastern power... More
China under the Manchu Dynasty 1644–1840
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China under the Manchu Dynasty 1644–1840
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In 1840, a fleet of British gunboats initiated the First Opium War and China’s ‘Century of Humiliation’. It represented a precipitous descent for the Manchu Qing dynasty, whose rise had been equally precipitous. The warlord, Nurhaci, united the Manchus before moving south to secure his new capital Mukden; as the... More
China under the Manchu Dynasty 1840–1912
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China under the Manchu Dynasty 1840–1912
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If the Ottoman Empire was, in the 19th century, the ‘sick man of Europe’, the Manchu Qing Dynasty was its equally ailing Far Eastern equivalent. The Opium Wars between Britain and China (1839–60), culminated in the British seizure of Beijing, imposing their ability to trade as they saw fit through... More
China, the Xinhai Revolution 1911
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China, the Xinhai Revolution 1911
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The 1911 Xinhai Revolution was a democratic nationalist revolt that overthrew the Qing imperial dynasty, which had been established in China since 1636. The revolt was led by a group of revolutionaries who were determined to eliminate the imperial system and establish the ‘Republic of China’. When, on 10 October... More
Chindits in Burma February–March 1943
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Chindits in Burma February–March 1943
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The Chindits were a covert operations unit formed in 1942 to conduct guerrilla-style attacks on targets within Japanese-occupied Burma. Formed from British and Indian troops, the Chindits were led by Brigadier Orde Wingate who was an expert in unconventional warfare tactics. The Chindits began their first deployment under Operation Longcloth... More