In 1837–38, the separately administered Upper and Lower Canada were racked by rebellion, provoked by both corrupt, oligarchical rule and, perhaps, the example of the previous revolution of their southern neighbours. The rebellions were quickly suppressed, but the British government was rattled and commissioned a report by Lord Durham to... More
The British North America Act of 1867 ended the brief experiment with the Province of Canada, separating its territory between Quebec and Ontario. These new provinces were then joined with New Brunswick and Nova Scotia to form the Canadian Confederation (Newfoundland became self-governing in 1855, and would not join Canada... More
In 1895, the British Crown completed its first draft of the organization of its Canadian territories. In that year, it extended the District of Keewatin along the south coast of Hudson Bay, and parcelled up the residual Northwest Territory into the District of Ungava in the east, and Mackenzie and... More
The Gold Rush in the Yukon Territory from 1896 had sharpened a festering border dispute between Canada and the US District of Alaska. This dispute was finally resolved in 1903, largely in America’s favour. In 1905, the provinces of Saskatchewan and Alberta were created by enlarging the former districts through... More
Canada is divided into administrative divisions, known as provinces. The provinces have their own constitutions and control their own decision making whereas, in contrast, the territories are directly ruled by the federal government. The first four provinces were formed in 1867 and were Ontario, Quebec, New Brunswick and Nova Scotia.... More
As with California, settlement of British Columbia received a tumultuous boost from a series of gold rushes (1858–64). After these petered out, the economy depended upon mining, lumber and fishing. The colonization of the Canadian mid-West expanded after the Dominion Lands Act (1872), granted free 160-acre tracts for homesteads. Formation... More
It has been said of Canada in the 1880s that ‘Never before or since has Canada reached such a low state. Never has there been so little evidence in its people of national spirit’. The four founding provinces of Quebec, Ontario, Nova Scotia and New Brunswick had formed the nucleus... More
The Canadian exploration of the American West sprung from the corporate rivalry between the Hudson Bay Company and the North West Company, both seeking rich new sources to supply their lucrative fur trade. Donald Mackenzie and Finan McDonald were employed by the North West Company. From 1818–21, Mackenzie explored the... More
On 1 November, the advancing Austro-German forces completed a bridgehead over the River Tagliamento with the Italian army in full retreat and Venice, seemingly, within their grasp. Having personally retreated to the safety of Padua, the Italian Chief of Staff, Luigi Cadorna, ordered the Italian forces to withdraw a further... More
By October 1917, the Isonzo theatre had settled into a western front in miniature with generally minor movements in the front line bought at disproportionately high human cost. The arrival of the Germans changed all that. Overruling the Austro-Hungarian commanders, they decided on an assault at Caporetto, bolstered by six... More
As the Americans pushed to the end of the Cotentin Peninsula, they closed in on the heavily fortified city of Cherbourg. Once Cherbourg had been fully surrounded on 22 June, the Americans pushed to encircle the area in readiness for an assault on the remaining forces within the city from... More
Fort Pillow is notorious for the apparent massacre of its garrison by the Confederate troops of Nathan B. Forrest. What is clear is that the mortality rate was shockingly high, and that the mortality rate of the black defenders thrice that of their white comrades. On the afternoon of 12... More