Through the Treaty of Paris (1763), Britain acquired vast additional territories in North America. However, the war left Britain with crippling debts, exacerbated by the cost of protecting and administering its gains. Pontiac’s rebellion (1763–64) saw the destruction of eight forts, and the deaths of 400 British soldiers and many... More
After taking Pensacola (in Spanish territory) from the British in November 1814, General Andrew Jackson rushed back to Mobile and reinforced its garrison before moving on to New Orleans. There, the advance ships of the British fleet were blocked in an engagement on Lake Borgne, before landing 1,800 troops on... More
In the aftermath of the Seven Years’ War victorious Britain would nevertheless become the victim of North America’s phenomenal success. France and Spain were united in their determination for revenge for their near expulsion from the continent and, in the thirteen colonies, young military leaders like George Washington had gained... More
In 1911, Great Britain included the whole of Ireland and ‘the isles’, the self-governing islands of the Isle of Man, Jersey and Guernsey. The estimated population distribution in the 1911 census showed that the areas with the greatest density, with approximately 200 people per square mile, encompassed the coal-mining, industrial... More
The period 1839 to 1857 was, as far as the East India Company was concerned, a frantic time of empire-building. The First Anglo-Afghan War (1839–42) saw a British defeat, followed by a terrible retribution and a return to the status quo. The annexation of Sind (1843) was announced in General... More
In 1918, after sustained attacks by German Gothas, aircraft with huge destructive capacity, Admiral Kerr of the Air Board stated that the Germans would ‘wipe out’ London and all the factories and workshops in the southeast of England, unless the British created an effective air counteroffensive. They were already sending... More
In October 1914, the first British submarines joined the Russian Baltic Fleet. Out of three boats only two, the E9 and E1, succeeded in completing the hazardous journey through the Sound (a stretch of water separating Denmark from Sweden) to Reval in the Gulf of Finland. In 1915 further submarines,... More
By 1944 the battle between the Royal Navy and the German U-boat fleet had turned heavily in favour of the British. Advances in British counter-U-boat tactics included superior radar technology on ships and aircraft, small fast vessels formed into hunter-killer groups, which would actively seek and pursue U-boats, and the... More
After a series of Russian defeats, General Alexei Brusilov launched an offensive to reclaim territory lost to the Austro-Hungarians and restore Russian military prestige. Despite the reservations of his fellow generals and Tsar Nicholas II, the Russian 8th Army advanced on Lutsk, 4 June 1916. An artillery bombardment was launched... More
By the 4th century CE, at the time of the Gupta Empire (4th–6th century), Mahayana Buddhism flourished in India. Mahayana Buddhism teaches that it is possible to attain enlightenment in a single lifetime and now dominates the cultures of Central and East Asia. In Magadha, Tantric Buddhism was established from... More
In the aftermath of World War I Bulgaria signed the Treaty of Neuilly-sur-Seine on 27 November 1919. This formally ceded a number of territories to its neighbouring countries, including some on its border with the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, and western Thrace, which went to Greece. Like ifs... More
Towards the end of World War II it became clear that Germany would be defeated and Bulgaria was now threatened by the advancing Red Army. On 26 August 1944, Bulgaria adopted a neutral stance and ordered German troops to leave its territory, however this was not enough to secure favour... More