The bridges crossing the Caen Canal/River Orne were a vital objective that needed to be secured in order for the forces landing at Sword Beach to be able to push east. The Bénouville Bridge, which was later renamed Pegasus Bridge after the British Airborne Forces badge, was the westernmost and... More
On ‘Barbed Wire Sunday’, 13 August 1961, the German Democratic Republic closed the border into West Berlin and began the construction of the Berlin Wall. Since the end of World War II, East Germany had lost some 3.5 million citizens from defection to West Germany. The exclave of West Berlin... More
Evangelicalism emerged during the revivals of the Methodist movement in England between 1730 and 1840, and the contemporaneous great awakenings in the United States. The many streams of Evangelicalism had some persistent features in common: an emphasis on individual conversion and faith in the literal inspiration of the Bible, and... More
On 8 August 8 1918, British, Canadian and Australian forces, using a combination of tanks, aircraft, artillery and infantry launched a surprise attack on the German Army at Amiens in northwestern France. On day 1, they succeeded in advancing 8 miles (13 km), clearing German machine gun positions, taking prisoners... More
On 17 July 1862, the US Congress reversed the 1792 Federal law that banned black men from the US military. Called the ‘Second Confiscation and Militia Act’, it was followed by an energetic recruitment campaign, with the first black regiments filled by volunteers from Massachusetts, Tennessee and South Carolina. Initially,... More
From 1863 black Americans could join the Union Army, reversing legislation that prohibited them from bearing arms. By the conclusion of the Civil War, 208,000 of the total Union fighting force were black, constituting 10 per cent of the total number. Over the course of the war more than 40,000... More
In 1957 in Little Rock, Arkansas, 1,000 paratroops from the ‘Screaming Eagles’ 101st Airborne Division and 10,000 National Guard were deployed to enable nine black schoolchildren to attend a previously all-white school. Captured on television, the episode provoked a shocked President Eisenhower – no natural reformer – to promulgate the... More
1790 was the year of the first US Census and it recorded a black population of 760,000, with the biggest concentrations in the southern states of Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina and Georgia. This represented about 19 per cent of the population, of which most were slaves. There was... More
Proximity to London, the channel ports and the naval dockyards it furnished with armaments ensured the Weald’s position as epicentre of the British blast furnace industry into the 17th century. But other areas of the country matched the Weald for the availability of the necessary raw materials: ore, coal/wood, running... More
Louis Blériot started out with as the proprietor of a business manufacturing headlamps for automobiles in Paris, but his real enthusiasm was an even newer transport innovation, the aeroplane. Profits from his business afforded him the time and finance to experiment with aviation. His first flying machines were ornithopters, with... More
Bletchley Park, Buckinghamshire, was the central site for British World War II code breakers. The mansion and its surrounding park was acquired by Admiral Sir Hugh Sinclair, head of the Secret Intelligence Service (SIS) in 1938. The centre decrypted the ciphers and codes of Axis countries, including the highly complex... More
The German military’s rapid territorial gains in the early stages of World War II are often attributed to the tactical methods that later became known as ‘Blitzkrieg’ or ‘lightning war’. German forces assisting Franco’s Nationalist forces in the Spanish Civil War had been able to test the Blitzkrieg strategy. Combining... More