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Voyages of Columbus 1492–1504
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Voyages of Columbus 1492–1504
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Christopher Columbus, despite his role in the Spanish colonization of the Americas, was Genoese. The Catholic monarchs of Spain agreed to fund Columbus’s expedition to find a western trade route and agreed to make him governor of any lands he discovered. His first voyage, with only three modestly sized ships,... More
Voyages of Discovery 1499–1502
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Voyages of Discovery 1499–1502
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With marvellous aplomb, the Treaty of Tordesillas (1492) divided the whole world, for colonization purposes, between Portugal and Castile. Pedro Cabral, en route to India, came upon the coastline of Brazil, claiming it for Portugal. Far to the north, the Corte-Real brothers would retrace the steps of earlier Norse explorers... More
Voyages of James Cook 1768–71
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Voyages of James Cook 1768–71
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In May 1768 Captain James Cook was given command of the Endeavour, and instructed to observe to visit Tahiti and observe the Transit of Venus, due to take place the following year. He set sail, with a party of scientists and artists led by the botanist Joseph Banks, from Plymouth... More
Voyages of St Brendan c. 512–530
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Voyages of St Brendan c. 512–530
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The Irish monks were intrepid and adventurous missionaries in the 6th and 7th centuries. St Columba founded the monastery on the island of Iona (563), which became a way-station for the conversion of the British Isles. St Columba spread the mission to continental Europe in the late 6th century. The... More
Walaja 633
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Walaja 633
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Khalid, the Rashidun general, had already inflicted two defeats on the Sassanid armies before the Battle of Walaja (633 CE), in Mesopotamia. On the battlefield, the Sassanids had numerical advantage, and a sound defensive position, backed against a ridge with their heavy cavalry guarding their flanks. However, Khalid, fast developing... More
Wales and the March 1267
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Wales and the March 1267
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After Llewellyn ap Gruffud (‘the Last’), prince of Wales, was killed near Builth (1282), Edward I had his head crowned with ivy and hung from the Tower of London, in mocking fulfilment of a Druidic prophecy that a Welshman would be crowned in London as king of Britain. Forty years... More
Wales in Patagonia from 1865
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Wales in Patagonia from 1865
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‘A little Wales beyond Wales’ was the brainchild of Michael D. Jones, a Welsh non-conformist preacher in the 1860s. At the time, the expanding coalfields in Wales were sucking the lifeblood out of the traditional, Welsh speaking rural hinterland. Welsh migrants to America felt pressured to anglicize, so the decision... More
War in China July 1937 – December 1944
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War in China July 1937 – December 1944
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Ever since the Japanese invasion of Manchuria in 1931, Sino-Japanese relations had been uneasy, resulting in several military exchanges, and culminating in a failed attempt by the Japanese on 8 July 1937 to take control of the Lugou or ‘Marco Polo’ Bridge near Beijing. Major battles followed, in which the... More
War in the Adriatic 1914–18
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War in the Adriatic 1914–18
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The shallow waters and indented coastlines of the Adriatic did not lend themselves to major marine engagements. The Allied strategy there was mainly one of confinement, particularly after Italy entered the war on the Allied side; the British and French navies wanted to keep the Central Powers contained there, minimizing... More
War in the South 1779–1781
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War in the South 1779–1781
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1779–1781 marked the southern phase of the Revolutionary War and, with the French now fighting for the Americans, the British commandeered British loyalists. The biggest loyalist concentration was in the South, where the British enlisted runaway slaves, promising them freedom if they fought on their side. This strategy alienated pro-slavery... More
War of Panehsy c. 1087–1080 BCE
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War of Panehsy c. 1087–1080 BCE
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During the reign of the ineffectual Ramesses XI, Egypt was becoming chaotic and fragmented. Amenhotep, the high priest in Thebes and the most powerful man in Upper Egypt, was deposed by his people. Pharaoh Ramesses, petitioned by Amenhotep, had no choice but to restore him to office. Ramesses instructed Viceroy... More
War Zones of the Seven Years’ War 1756–63
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War Zones of the Seven Years’ War 1756–63
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The Seven Years’ War involved nearly all the European powers and was ignited in 1756 when the Prussian ruler, Frederick II, invaded Holy Roman Empire territories (European territories dominated by Austria) in Saxony. Frederick II wanted to protect his borders from a feared Austro-Russian attack, and believed that Saxony would... More