On 25 April the Australian, British and French Allied forces recaptured the village of Villers-Bretonneux, which had been taken by the Germans on 24 April. On the night of the 24/25 April the British Fourth Army attempted a counterattack against the Germans. The German line was pushed back by 150... More
In the world’s first tank on tank confrontation, the Germans used A7V tanks against British Mark IV tanks on 24 April 1918 in Villiers Bretonneux, northern France. The Germans succeeded in capturing Villers-Bretonneux for one day after using mustard gas and high explosives to weaken the Allies, many of whom... More
After the humiliation of Bull Run, General George McClellan was appointed to revitalize the Union’s Army of the Potomac. Under pressure for results, McClellan sent out a reconnaissance force to investigate (erroneous) reports of the Confederates abandoning Leesburg on the west bank of the Potomac. The force commander General Stone... More
Washington’s high society gathered to picnic on the hills round the battlefield of Bull Run, keen to enjoy the spectacle of Confederate defeat and, with it, a swift and triumphant end to the war. Several hours later, their fleeing carriages blocked the retreat of the routed Union Army. It was... More
Italian morale had been bolstered by the emphatic repulse of the Piave Offensive (15–23 June 1918) , but their Chief of Staff, Armando Diaz, with memories of the disaster of Caporetto still vivid, initially resisted Allied pressure to mount a counteroffensive. When events on the western front made it clear... More
The tradition of volunteering amongst Irish Protestants first took root at the time of the Jacobite rebellions in Scotland (1715 and 1745), in the (unfulfilled) anticipation of a Stuart invasion. In 1760, during the Seven Years’ War, the French actually landed and seized Carrickfergus. Their rapid expulsion was assisted by... More
Christopher Columbus, despite his role in the Spanish colonization of the Americas, was Genoese. The Catholic monarchs of Spain agreed to fund Columbus’s expedition to find a western trade route and agreed to make him governor of any lands he discovered. His first voyage, with only three modestly sized ships,... More
With marvellous aplomb, the Treaty of Tordesillas (1492) divided the whole world, for colonization purposes, between Portugal and Castile. Pedro Cabral, en route to India, came upon the coastline of Brazil, claiming it for Portugal. Far to the north, the Corte-Real brothers would retrace the steps of earlier Norse explorers... More
In May 1768 Captain James Cook was given command of the Endeavour, and instructed to observe to visit Tahiti and observe the Transit of Venus, due to take place the following year. He set sail, with a party of scientists and artists led by the botanist Joseph Banks, from Plymouth... More
The Irish monks were intrepid and adventurous missionaries in the 6th and 7th centuries. St Columba founded the monastery on the island of Iona (563), which became a way-station for the conversion of the British Isles. St Columba spread the mission to continental Europe in the late 6th century. The... More
Khalid, the Rashidun general, had already inflicted two defeats on the Sassanid armies before the Battle of Walaja (633 CE), in Mesopotamia. On the battlefield, the Sassanids had numerical advantage, and a sound defensive position, backed against a ridge with their heavy cavalry guarding their flanks. However, Khalid, fast developing... More
After Llewellyn ap Gruffud (‘the Last’), prince of Wales, was killed near Builth (1282), Edward I had his head crowned with ivy and hung from the Tower of London, in mocking fulfilment of a Druidic prophecy that a Welshman would be crowned in London as king of Britain. Forty years... More