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Viking Voyages to Iceland, Greenland and North America c. 985–1020
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Viking Voyages to Iceland, Greenland and North America c. 985–1020
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The first sighting of North America by the Norse was when a trader, Bjarni Herolfson, was blown off course on a voyage to western Greenland in 986. Word of his discovery excited the interest of Leif Eriksson, son of Erik the Red, the founder of the Greenland colony. Using Bjarni’s... More
Viking Wars in Ireland 729–1014
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Viking Wars in Ireland 729–1014
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The first Viking raid on Ireland, on an Island off the Dublin coast, occurred in 795, graduating to fortified settlements at Dublin and Annagassan by the 840s. The Vikings were twice expelled, in 866 and 902, but on each occasion returned. Between 914 and 922, the Vikings established a string... More
Vikings in Dublin 841–1200
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Vikings in Dublin 841–1200
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The Viking settlement of Dublin was established by the chieftain, Turgeis, who built a castle where Dublin Castle now stands. Their hold on Dublin was often tenuous, undermined by fighting between Dubgaill (‘fairhairs’) and Findgaill (‘darkhairs’) who were possibly Norwegian and Danish Viking factions. They were twice expelled before returning... More
Vikings in Normandy 911–1051
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Vikings in Normandy 911–1051
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The Vikings first began to raid what would become Normandy in the 790s and had established several permanent coastal settlements by the beginning of the 10th century. At this time, Rollo was a Viking chieftain based in Rouen, who had conducted raids on both Paris and Rouen. In a pragmatic... More
Vikings in Scotland 1014–1104
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Vikings in Scotland 1014–1104
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Sigurd the Stout, Earl of Orkney, was Norse ruler of northernmost Scotland at the beginning of the 11th century. Upon his death in 1014, his patrimony was divided between his four sons, who feuded for many years. The youngest, Thorfinn the Mighty, finally wrested control in 1030. Soon presented with... More
Villers-Bocage 11–14 June 1944
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Villers-Bocage 11–14 June 1944
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As part of Operation Perch, the British attempted to move south in order to encircle the main German force in the area of Caen. As a gap in the German front line opened, British armoured units attempted to push towards Caen through Villers-Bocage and along the southern flank of the... More
Villers-Bretonneux Allied Counterattacks to 27 April 1918
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Villers-Bretonneux Allied Counterattacks to 27 April 1918
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On 25 April the Australian, British and French Allied forces recaptured the village of Villers-Bretonneux, which had been taken by the Germans on 24 April. On the night of the 24/25 April the British Fourth Army attempted a counterattack against the Germans. The German line was pushed back by 150... More
Villers-Bretonneux German Tank Attack 24 April 1918
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Villers-Bretonneux German Tank Attack 24 April 1918
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In the world’s first tank on tank confrontation, the Germans used A7V tanks against British Mark IV tanks on 24 April 1918 in Villiers Bretonneux, northern France. The Germans succeeded in capturing Villers-Bretonneux for one day after using mustard gas and high explosives to weaken the Allies, many of whom... More
Virginia 10 June–12 October 1861
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Virginia 10 June–12 October 1861
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After the humiliation of Bull Run, General George McClellan was appointed to revitalize the Union’s Army of the Potomac. Under pressure for results, McClellan sent out a reconnaissance force to investigate (erroneous) reports of the Confederates abandoning Leesburg on the west bank of the Potomac. The force commander General Stone... More
Virginia and Maryland 10 June–12 October 1861
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Virginia and Maryland 10 June–12 October 1861
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Washington’s high society gathered to picnic on the hills round the battlefield of Bull Run, keen to enjoy the spectacle of Confederate defeat and, with it, a swift and triumphant end to the war. Several hours later, their fleeing carriages blocked the retreat of the routed Union Army. It was... More
Vittorio Veneto October– November 1918
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Vittorio Veneto October– November 1918
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Italian morale had been bolstered by the emphatic repulse of the Piave Offensive (15–23 June 1918) , but their Chief of Staff, Armando Diaz, with memories of the disaster of Caporetto still vivid, initially resisted Allied pressure to mount a counteroffensive. When events on the western front made it clear... More
Volunteering 1776–85
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Volunteering 1776–85
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The tradition of volunteering amongst Irish Protestants first took root at the time of the Jacobite rebellions in Scotland (1715 and 1745), in the (unfulfilled) anticipation of a Stuart invasion. In 1760, during the Seven Years’ War, the French actually landed and seized Carrickfergus. Their rapid expulsion was assisted by... More