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VII Corps Attack Republican Guard 26–27 February 1991
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VII Corps Attack Republican Guard 26–27 February 1991
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VII Corps provided the main offensive element of the coalition forces posted within Saudi Arabia in readiness for Operation Desert Storm and was tasked with carrying out the initial breach of the border before destroying the heavy armoured units of the Iraqi Republican Guard. After the initial crossing into Iraqi... More
Viking Attack on Paris 885–889
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Viking Attack on Paris 885–889
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After plundering Flanders, the Vikings entered the kingdom of the West Franks in 885 and laid siege to the Seine, in the Paris basin. They sailed hundreds of ships, carrying thousands of Viking warriors to the fortifications around Paris. Duke Odo of Francia, who controlled the city, refused to pay... More
Viking Attacks on Anglo-Saxon England c. 886–900
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Viking Attacks on Anglo-Saxon England c. 886–900
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After the Treaty of Wedmore (c. 880), Alfred implemented a comprehensive system of defences designed specifically to counter the Viking threat. He established a network of 33 fortified settlements – burhs – across his kingdom, and a tax, ‘hidage’, to finance their upkeep. The burhs slowed down subsequent Viking incursions,... More
Viking Attacks on the British Isles 878–900
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Viking Attacks on the British Isles 878–900
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When Alfred the Great concluded the Peace of Wedmore (878) with the Viking ruler, Guthrum, the boundaries between Wessex and the Danelaw (the area in which the laws of the Danes prevailed) were agreed, and an uneasy peace prevailed. The Vikings concentrated on devastating northern France, but in 891 Guthrum... More
Viking Homelands c. 800–1000
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Viking Homelands c. 800–1000
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A number of theories have been advanced to explain the Viking expansion. The establishment of the Holy Roman Empire by Charlemagne, with the ruthless subjugation and forced Christianization of the Danes’ Saxon neighbours, was clearly influential. The Danevirke, a huge defensive fortification across the neck of the Danish peninsula, was... More
Viking Raids in Europe c. 780–814
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Viking Raids in Europe c. 780–814
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Between c. 780–814 the British Isles were beset by raids, targeted by bands of Vikings, who radiated out from Denmark and Norway. Their raids began with coastal settlements in Wessex, Mercia, Northumbria and the Gaelic Irish kingdoms. According to Anglo-Saxon histories, the first ‘Northmen’ landed at Portland, Wessex, c. 789,... More
Viking Scotland 1104–1469
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Viking Scotland 1104–1469
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In 1104 the Hebrides and Isle of Man were under the control of the kingdom of Man, while the far north was under the control of the earldom of Orkney. To the east of these lands, the kingdom of Scotland was expanding under the rule of the Canmore dynasty, which... More
Viking Scotland 800–1014
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Viking Scotland 800–1014
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Following the Viking attack on the holy island of Lindisfarne in 793, the Vikings raided the mother abbey of Iona in the Hebrides, within the Gaelic kingdom of Dalriada, just a year later. The Picts was unable to come to Iona’s aid and the Vikings raided again and again. The... More
Viking Settlement of Greenland 900–1490
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Viking Settlement of Greenland 900–1490
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Gunnborn, a Norwegian settler of Iceland, first sighted the island early in the 10th century, but the coastline was not explored until Erik the Red (982), after an earlier settlement attempt by Snaebjorn Galti ended in mayhem and failure. Erik later returned with a full-scale expedition, using the name ‘Greenland’... More
Viking Settlement of Iceland c. 870–1263
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Viking Settlement of Iceland c. 870–1263
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Continuous settlement of Iceland began with the expedition of the stepbrothers Ingolf and Hjorleif from Norway in the early 870s. In the Vestmannaeyjar archipelago, Hjorleif was slain by his Irish slaves. In turn, Ingolf slew the slaves then, moving in stages during the summer sailing seasons, edged northwest, before founding... More
Viking Settlements c. 9th century
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Viking Settlements c. 9th century
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The Vikings first began raiding the British Isles towards the end of the 8th century. By the 860s, plundering had escalated to conquest; an invading Danish army seized York in 865, then occupied much of Northumbria in 871. Alfred the Great managed to defeat the Danes, and the subsequent Treaty... More
Viking Trade Routes in Irish Sea 800–c. 1050
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Viking Trade Routes in Irish Sea 800–c. 1050
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The Vikings began raiding Ireland in the late 8th century, but without establishing much in the way of permanent footholds until the rise of the Norse Dynasty of Ivar in the 860s. The dynasty’s progenitor is believed to be Ivar the Boneless, conqueror of York. The Norse dominions were loose-knit,... More