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Viking Scotland 1104–1469
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Viking Scotland 1104–1469
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In 1104 the Hebrides and Isle of Man were under the control of the kingdom of Man, while the far north was under the control of the earldom of Orkney. To the east of these lands, the kingdom of Scotland was expanding under the rule of the Canmore dynasty, which... More
Viking Scotland 800–1014
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Viking Scotland 800–1014
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Following the Viking attack on the holy island of Lindisfarne in 793, the Vikings raided the mother abbey of Iona in the Hebrides, within the Gaelic kingdom of Dalriada, just a year later. The Picts was unable to come to Iona’s aid and the Vikings raided again and again. The... More
Viking Settlement of Greenland 900–1490
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Viking Settlement of Greenland 900–1490
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Gunnborn, a Norwegian settler of Iceland, first sighted the island early in the 10th century, but the coastline was not explored until Erik the Red (982), after an earlier settlement attempt by Snaebjorn Galti ended in mayhem and failure. Erik later returned with a full-scale expedition, using the name ‘Greenland’... More
Viking Settlement of Iceland c. 870–1263
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Viking Settlement of Iceland c. 870–1263
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Continuous settlement of Iceland began with the expedition of the stepbrothers Ingolf and Hjorleif from Norway in the early 870s. In the Vestmannaeyjar archipelago, Hjorleif was slain by his Irish slaves. In turn, Ingolf slew the slaves then, moving in stages during the summer sailing seasons, edged northwest, before founding... More
Viking Settlements c. 9th century
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Viking Settlements c. 9th century
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The Vikings first began raiding the British Isles towards the end of the 8th century. By the 860s, plundering had escalated to conquest; an invading Danish army seized York in 865, then occupied much of Northumbria in 871. Alfred the Great managed to defeat the Danes, and the subsequent Treaty... More
Viking Trade Routes in Irish Sea 800–c. 1050
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Viking Trade Routes in Irish Sea 800–c. 1050
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The Vikings began raiding Ireland in the late 8th century, but without establishing much in the way of permanent footholds until the rise of the Norse Dynasty of Ivar in the 860s. The dynasty’s progenitor is believed to be Ivar the Boneless, conqueror of York. The Norse dominions were loose-knit,... More
Viking Voyages to Iceland, Greenland and North America c. 985–1020
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Viking Voyages to Iceland, Greenland and North America c. 985–1020
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The first sighting of North America by the Norse was when a trader, Bjarni Herolfson, was blown off course on a voyage to western Greenland in 986. Word of his discovery excited the interest of Leif Eriksson, son of Erik the Red, the founder of the Greenland colony. Using Bjarni’s... More
Viking Wars in Ireland 729–1014
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Viking Wars in Ireland 729–1014
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The first Viking raid on Ireland, on an Island off the Dublin coast, occurred in 795, graduating to fortified settlements at Dublin and Annagassan by the 840s. The Vikings were twice expelled, in 866 and 902, but on each occasion returned. Between 914 and 922, the Vikings established a string... More
Vikings in Dublin 841–1200
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Vikings in Dublin 841–1200
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The Viking settlement of Dublin was established by the chieftain, Turgeis, who built a castle where Dublin Castle now stands. Their hold on Dublin was often tenuous, undermined by fighting between Dubgaill (‘fairhairs’) and Findgaill (‘darkhairs’) who were possibly Norwegian and Danish Viking factions. They were twice expelled before returning... More
Vikings in Normandy 911–1051
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Vikings in Normandy 911–1051
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The Vikings first began to raid what would become Normandy in the 790s and had established several permanent coastal settlements by the beginning of the 10th century. At this time, Rollo was a Viking chieftain based in Rouen, who had conducted raids on both Paris and Rouen. In a pragmatic... More
Vikings in Scotland 1014–1104
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Vikings in Scotland 1014–1104
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Sigurd the Stout, Earl of Orkney, was Norse ruler of northernmost Scotland at the beginning of the 11th century. Upon his death in 1014, his patrimony was divided between his four sons, who feuded for many years. The youngest, Thorfinn the Mighty, finally wrested control in 1030. Soon presented with... More
Villers-Bocage 11–14 June 1944
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Villers-Bocage 11–14 June 1944
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As part of Operation Perch, the British attempted to move south in order to encircle the main German force in the area of Caen. As a gap in the German front line opened, British armoured units attempted to push towards Caen through Villers-Bocage and along the southern flank of the... More