The United States Neutrality Act of 1939 required that military supplies were dispatched on a ‘cash and carry’ basis, but by 1941 Great Britain could no longer afford to pay. In March 1941 Roosevelt created Lend-Lease to enable the United States to send free supplies such as munitions, fuel and... More
Political upheaval had left the Soviet Union in an increasingly desperate situation by the beginning of the 1990s. A failed coup against President Mikhail Gorbachev in August 1991 initiated a final series of events, which ended in dissolution just four months later on 26 December 1991. Although the Soviet Union... More
The positions gained by the 82nd and 101st Airborne Divisions after their initial drop early on 6 June were important in enabling the forces from the beach landing to progress inland. Resistance at the beaches themselves was minimal, however the dense bocage terrain made navigation and location of enemy and... More
Utah was the furthest west of the D-Day landing beaches and was cut off from the rest by an area of marshy terrain. The area behind the beach had been purposefully flooded by the Germans to limit an Allied advance to a network of small lanes that passed between the... More
German V1 and V2 Rockets waged a bombing campaign against London and areas in eastern England with the objective of destroying civilian infrastructure and instilling fear in the British population, ultimately reducing productivity of industries. They were designed as ‘retribution weapons’ for Allied bombing on German cities. The first V1... More
Built by the Germans in World War II as a response to Allied bombings, the V2 is the world’s first long-range guided missile. First used against London in September 1944, V2s were 45ft 11in high (14 m), with a diameter of 5ft 5in (1.65 m) and weighed 28,000 lbs (12,500... More
The New Mexicans voted to join the Confederacy in March 1861, and a Texas battalion arrived and repulsed Union forces, proclaiming the Confederate Territory of Arizona. The Confederate General Henry Sibley conceived an ambitious offensive via New Mexico to secure the valuable gold and silver reserves of California/Nevada. Sibley’s forces... More
The French military engineer Sébastien Le Prestre de Vauban shaped 17th-century siege warfare. First demonstrated at the Siege of Maastrict (1673), he introduced a scientific approach of attack whereby besiegers would excavate a series of trenches or ‘parallels’, linked by zig-zags called ‘saps’. This network enabled besiegers a safe passage... More
By early 1916, the German Chief of Staff, von Falkenhayn had become convinced that a purely military victory was impossible. The Verdun offensive was aimed at shattering French morale either by its capture or by the prohibitive casualties that would be incurred by defending the city. The Germans enjoyed early... More
The Union victory at Vicksburg, a vital link for raw materials and smuggled weapons, was pivotal in changing the course of the Civil War. It had a destructive effect on the Confederate war effort and was a critical part of the Northern Strategy, the Anaconda Plan. When the Union army,... More
The 1840s witnessed a speculative bubble termed Railway Mania, which culminated in a wave of bankruptcies including that of George Hudson, the ‘Railroad King’. Despite ruining many investors, the period of the frenzy did result in the laying of thousands of miles of track. Hudson, before his precipitous fall, managed... More
Conflict in South Vietnam began around 1959 when Prime Minister Ngo Dinh Diem outlawed political violence against the southern Vietnamese regime. The US began providing military assistance to the southern Vietnamese as it was concerned about the spread of communism from the north. Diem was killed in a coup in... More