The Protestant Unionist party effectively controlled the political system in Ulster After Irish Independence (1922). The large Catholic minority were excluded by ‘gerrymandering’ of electoral constituencies and suffered discrimination in employment and housing. The police force, the Royal Ulster Constabulary, was heavily Protestant. The Bogside Riots (1969) by Catholics against... More
The Dustbowl symbolized America’s fall from its seeming ‘manifest destiny’ of endless expansion and growth. Caused by massive erosion of critical topsoil through drought and over-farming, 150,000 square miles (388,500 square km) of the Midwest were desertified, producing ‘black blizzards’ that choked cattle and buried farms. The Great Depression, which... More
As with Germany, Italian nationalism was incubated under Napoleonic rule. The Carbonari, an aristocratic secret society, spread insurrection with foreign aid, while Mazzini’s Young Italy movement was grassroots and republican. Rebellions in 1848 were quickly snuffed out, but in 1859 the kingdom of Sardinia annexed Lombardy from the Austrians after... More
The Kings of Gwynedd were the dominant force in Wales from the 9th century, but their own laws of succession, with their realms being divided between their male heirs, repeatedly confounded their ambitions to rule all of Wales. In addition, they had to fend off repeated Saxon invasions, usually from... More
The Marcher Lords of Wales were a throwback to the Norman Conquest, enjoying wide feudal powers, including the right to build castles, administer their own justice and even (theoretically, at least) to declare war. Over the centuries these powers had eroded, through the reversion of lordships (without heir) to the... More
President Lincoln signed the Pacific Railroad Act (1862), which directed the Union Pacific (UP) and Central Pacific (CP) to build the US’s first transcontinental railroad. The railroad was to stretch from Missouri to the Pacific, described by a Boston paper as a ‘ruinous space’, both to encourage trade and settlement... More
In 1947, the UN voted for the partition of Palestine to create independent Jewish and Arab sectors. Jews and Arabs in the region had been at odds for decades; while the Zionist Jews sought an independent state, the native Arabs wanted to stem Jewish immigration and set up a secular... More
Oxford’s history as a centre of scholastic study dates to the 11th century. A violent dispute with townspeople led to a partial exodus of students to Cambridge (1209); the first Oxbridge colleges were endowed later in the century. Thereafter, the Oxbridge duopoly of university education in England continued unchallenged until... More
Allows the entire student and faculty access to archive. Once your institutional subscription is in place, and you have been supplied with your institutional log-on, your members will be able to access all downloadable products, watermark-free, for the specified period. When your members choose a map they will be able... More
In the 19th century, the US rapidly evolved from a predominantly rural to an overwhelmingly urban society. At play were the same catalysts which previously transformed industrial Europe, but the pace and magnitude eclipsed all precedents. High birth rates and decreasing mortality rates, combined with mass immigration, produced soaring population... More
Nowhere in the developed world places more importance on religious belief than the United States, and nowhere finds more diverse channels for expressing belief in the same god. Zonal demarcation fails to do justice to this rich variety, which glitters kaleidoscopically at county level. Hinduism is the second most popular... More
Between 1867–1903, the United States acquired Alaska, Hawaii, Guam, Puerto Rico, American Samoa and the Philippines. The Panama Canal zone, which consisted of the canal and a 5-mile (9.8-km) radius on each bank, was made ‘unincorporated US territory’ in 1903 by the new Republic of Panama. Alaska was purchased from... More