In 1964 a wave of violent demonstrations over voting rights in the South, culminating in an attack by state troopers on peaceful marchers at Selma, Alabama, had convinced President Johnson that voting reform was long overdue. Congress passed the Voting Rights Act on 6 August 1965. It used the 14th... More
The Admiral Scheer was one of three heavy cruisers built by the Reichsmarine – known as Deutschland-class cruisers – in response to the restrictions on the size of warships set out in the Treaty of Versailles. With the Germans employing a strategy of guerre de course (commerce raiding), in October... More
On 1 August SMS Emden, a light cruiser, left the German naval base at Tsingtao, China, and headed towards Pagan Island, where it was determined that Captain von Müller would use the Emden to intercept Allied ships in the Indian Ocean. Between 19–25 August it travelled through Dutch neutral waters... More
The might of Egypt at the apex of the Middle Kingdom is reflected in the story of Sinuhe who, welcomed and ennobled by his hosts in exile in Canaan, returns to be feted at home. By contrast, Wenamun, a priestly official despatched to Lebanon to collect a consignment of cedarwood,... More
Despite Cook’s demonstration of the dimensions of Australia in his first voyage, contemporary scientists believed the real Terra Australis was bigger still and further south. In 1772, he was commissioned to find it. His expedition visited a number of Polynesian islands, and discovered the bellicose propensities of the Maori tribes.... More
The Ming made a powerful – and risky – statement of intent when they moved their capital to Beijing. Close to the notoriously porous borders with the warlike Mongol khanates, past rulers of China (1271–1368), it made secure defences crucial. The Ming would make massive, but ultimately futile efforts to... More
The war had three main theatres: the Gulf of Mexico and American southwest; the Atlantic seaboard; and, the Canadian borders. Initially, preoccupied by the war with Napoleon, the British adopted a defensive stance, using their naval supremacy to blockade American ports, although, with the aid of their Indian allies, gains... More
Germany was the heartland of the Reformation, which began in 1517, and many princes of the Holy Roman Empire converted to the Protestant cause, leading to intermittent religious conflict. In 1531 the Lutheran territories of the Empire formed a defensive league, the Schmalkaldic League, to resist any attempt to enforce... More
With the Soviet armies advancing from the east and driving out the German occupiers, the Polish nationalists seized their chance to liberate Warsaw. Operation Tempest, the largest single resistance action of World War II, began on 1 August with the Poles quickly taking control of much of the city centre... More
The Weimar Republic has become synonymous with weak government, but, in truth it was dealt a near impossible hand. As the administration was being established Communist rebels were fighting for control in Berlin and Munich. It was also unceasingly attacked by conservative purveyors of the ‘stab-in-the back’ myth, accusing its... More
Both Syria and Jordan had been tentative about entering the Six-Day War, but were deceived by Egypt’s President Nasser, who claimed the Israelis were being routed. Israeli forces on the Jordanian border were intended to adopt a defensive position, while the offensive proceeded in Sinai. But the Jordan-held West Bank... More
Despite the number of Allied offensives and German counterattacks, no significant advances were made on the western front in 1915. The relentless artillery barrages, entrenchments and barred wire meant that both sides ended up deadlocked. The Germans launched one major offensive at Ypres, April 1915, where they introduced chlorine gas... More