The flashpoint of the Dakota Sioux uprising was the murder of five settlers by four Indian braves. Tensions had been rising because of the late payment of annuities (due from the government according to Treaties of 1851 and 1858, by which the Sioux ceded much of their land). As the... More
Following previous Israeli clashes with Syria and Jordan, Egypt amassed troops near the Israeli border and ordered the withdrawal of the United Nations Emergency Forces in the area from 19 May. Following this escalation, the Straits of Tiran, separating the Gulf of Aqaba from the Red Sea, were closed to... More
Although the trans-Atlantic trade was perhaps the dominant element in the slave trade worldwide, slavery was widely practised internally within Africa, and the Ottoman Empire and Asia also represented major markets. In excess of 12 million Africans were shipped from the slave trading West African ports. The European agents rarely... More
Between 1800–60, the slave population grew from 800,000 to nearly 4,000,000; in 1860 almost one-third of southern families owned slaves. Of these, nearly 50 per cent had fewer than five slaves, with a much smaller proportion owning three slaves, or less. The slaveholders who owned 15 slaves or above were... More
Due to inclement weather, General Haig, commander of the British Expeditionary Forces on the western front, postponed the first assault on the German front line at the Somme to 1 July 1916. Although preliminary bombardment in June had little impact, the British generals were convinced that a three-pronged assault using... More
On 15 September 1916, the British advanced their front line by 1.5 miles (2.5 km), taking the high wood around Pozieres and Bozantin-le-Petit. The German offensive was successfully stalled by French artillery and machine guns, despite their deployment of new aircraft and tactics. The Allies were gradually gaining over the... More
The Battle of the Somme lasted five months along a 15-mile (24-km) front in northern France. Its objective was to relieve pressure on the French fighting at Verdun and to weaken the German army. It was a mainly British offensive, despite an earlier intention to make it predominantly French. However,... More
The Southern Pacific, founded in California in 1865, was absorbed in 1868 by the ‘Big Four’ investors behind the Central Pacific Railroad between Sacramento and Ogden, Utah. Now flush with investment, track was acquired, or built, across the country, completing America’s second transcontinental route in 1883.The introduction of refrigerated rail-cars... More
The Southern Railway (SOU) consists of nearly 150 predecessor lines, the first of which was owned by the South Carolina and Rail Road Co., whose first passenger steam locomotive left Charleston, South Carolina, on Christmas Day, 1830. By 1833, the line extended 136 miles (219 km) southwards from Charleston and... More
In 1127, following the founding of the Jin in the north, the Song was pushed south and re-established itself at Lin’an, beginning the Southern Song era. It was a time of prosperity with a focus on maritime power. A naval force was established, while harbours and ships were built, merchant... More
Having reached Kiev and the eastern bank of the River Dnieper by November 1943, the Soviet army continued its advance westwards along five fronts, completely destroying 18 Wehrmacht and Romanian divisions and inflicting heavy casualties. It is estimated that over 6 million ethnic Ukrainians fought alongside the Russians, helped by... More
Stalin demanded a Soviet ‘sphere of influence’ in eastern Europe at the 1945 Yalta Conference and, thereafter, set about the systematic imposition of Soviet control through Communist one party rule, economic integration (via the institution of Comecon), and military integration (through membership of the Warsaw Pact). In practice, subservience to... More