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The Siege and Capture of Jerusalem June–July 1099
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The Siege and Capture of Jerusalem June–July 1099
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The crusaders reached Jerusalem on 7 June in the punishing midsummer heat with only 15,000 men remaining. Initial attacks, without siege towers to breach the walls, were unsuccessful. Luckily, European ships had just arrived at Jaffa, two of which were beached and broken up for timber, and the leader of... More
The Siege of Alesia 52 BCE
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The Siege of Alesia 52 BCE
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By the summer of 52 BCE, Julius Caesar’s conquest of Gaul was threatened by the rebellion of a confederacy of Celtic tribes, led by Vercingetorix, king of the Averni. Caesar’s punitive expedition eventually cornered Vercingetorix in the hill-town of Alesia, in modern Burgundy. Alesia was well-fortified and garrisoned, and set... More
The Siege of Jerusalem March–September 70 CE
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The Siege of Jerusalem March–September 70 CE
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As Titus, the Roman general, neared Jerusalem with four legions, the city’s defence was riven by factional warfare. John of Giscala had emerged as head of the Zealots after murdering his rival Eleazar ben Simon, but his erstwhile allies, the Idumaeans, had defected to another group, the Sicarii, led by... More
The Siege of Küt December 1915–April 1916
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The Siege of Küt December 1915–April 1916
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Retreating after the Battle of Ctesiphon, the British 6th Indian Division was closely pursued by Ottoman forces. Their commander, Major-General Townshend, decided to break their flight at Küt and wait for British relief forces to arrive. The town was easily defensible, being fortified and surrounded on three sides by a... More
The Siege of Liege 5–6 August 1914
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The Siege of Liege 5–6 August 1914
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The German assault on the Belgium city of Liege was one of first battles of World War I. Germany wanted to smash Liege’s ring of twelve fortifications, to accelerate their advance across Belgium into France. Confident that an assault would last only two days, it took eleven days before Belgian... More
The Siege of Paris 19 September 1870–28 January 1871
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The Siege of Paris 19 September 1870–28 January 1871
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The culminating action in the Franco-Prussian War, the siege of Paris led to French defeat and the establishment of the Paris Commune. It was a formative event in the establishment of the German Empire. The Franco-Prussian War was a conflict that arose from Prussian ambitions for German unification and French... More
The Siege of Sevastopol 6 June–2 July 1942
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The Siege of Sevastopol 6 June–2 July 1942
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Following the German encirclement of Sevastopol and the 100,000 Soviet forces defending it, a final assault was launched on 6 June 1942. Prior to the start of the ground attack the Luftwaffe began a massive bombing offensive against defences in the city and any naval targets in the area. The... More
The Siegfried Line 1936–40
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The Siegfried Line 1936–40
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In 1936 Germany began building a series of defensive lines facing the borders of France and the Low countries, which was known as the Westwall to the Germans and later, to the western allies, as the Siegfried Line. It was a series or 16,000 bunkers, tank traps and tunnels some... More
The Silk Road c. 112 BCE–100 CE
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The Silk Road c. 112 BCE–100 CE
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The web of trade routes that came to constitute the Silk Road evolved in piecemeal fashion. The Achaemenid Empire established an efficient road network from the River Indus to the Black Sea and Mediterranean. Alexander’s conquests left Hellenized successor kingdoms as far east as Ferghana, and the Ptolemaic kingdoms in... More
The Silurian Word 440–410 million years ago
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The Silurian Word 440–410 million years ago
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During the Silurian period the giant southern supercontinent arced upwards through a broad peninsula, formed by Antarctica and Australia, which straddled the equator. While there was no major volcanic activity at this time, the smaller landmasses of Laurentia, Baltica and Avalonia, composing what would become North America, steadily converged together.... More
The Sinai Front 6–7 June 1967
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The Sinai Front 6–7 June 1967
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Israel commenced the war against Egypt with a devastating pre-emptive airstrike on the morning of 5 June, successfully destroying the bulk of the Egyptian air force. They further wrongfooted the Egyptians by orienting their main assault on Sinai to the north (in the Suez Crisis of 1956, their main thrust... More
The Sino-Japanese War 1894–95
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The Sino-Japanese War 1894–95
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In the 1860s Korea was a Chinese satellite and rich in coal and iron, resources needed by a modernizing Japan. Although Japan, a growing imperial power, was granted trading concessions, it saw Korea as land that could be exploited for expansion. Many young Koreans wanted closer ties to Japan, and... More