The ‘Sea Peoples’ are known only from references in contemporary Hittite and Egyptian records. Their identity and place of origin, while much speculated upon, remains unknown. Hypotheses have proposed that they were Anatolian, Minoan or Philistines. The fact that they were allied to the Libyans in some of their attacks... More
Before the Civil War the predecessor route to the Seaboard Air Line shipped plantation cotton and tobacco to the port of Portsmouth. After the Stock Market Crash of 1873, the Seaboard’s proprietor, John M. Robinson acquired two further inland routes from Raleigh. Robinson’s successors, the Williams family, extended the network... More
The seven most southerly US states had declared secession by the end of January, 1861; they would be joined by their immediate neighbours to the north, Virginia, North Carolina, Tennessee and Arkansas, in the wake of the first hostilities at Fort Sumter. Within each state, support for secession was often... More
The Second Crusade was triggered by the fall of Edessa to the Muslim warlord Zengi. It had a promising start when it was led for the first time by European kings. Louis VII of France and Conrad III of Germany, along with fellow nobility, commanded contingents from across Christian Europe.... More
The Second Macedonian War in 202 BCE was between Macedonia and Rome. Philip V of Macedonia began laying siege to the Greek city-states in the Aegean, having formed an alliance with Antiochus III of the Seleucid Empire. Both Philip V and Antiochus III were keen to expand their empires and... More
The reformed tradition began in 1519 in Zürich under Huldrych Zwingli. He led a group of Swiss theologians who joined Luther in teaching salvation by faith and the exclusive authority of Scripture, advocating purification of the Church and Christian life, and rejecting Christ’s bodily presence in the Eucharist, which led... More
Forced out of Belgrade by the Austro-Hungarians on 2 December 1914, the Serbian army retreated to their front line. From there, having received fresh supplies of badly needed artillery ammunition, the Serbians launched a counteroffensive on December 3. The Serbians seized the opportunity to counterattack the isolated 6th Army. The... More
Madagascar’s earliest inhabitants are thought to have been the Malayo-Indonesian people who crossed the Indian Ocean from Southeast Asia, c. 1,300 years ago. They brought subsistence crops such as spices, rice, bananas, coconuts and mung beans, some of which they also introduced to coastal eastern Africa. Arab traders arrived on... More
The pugnacious Frederick the Great of Prussia seized Silesia from the Austrian-led Holy Roman Empire in the War of Austrian Succession (1740–48). The determination of Austria to regain Silesia, coupled with Britain’s determination to safeguard the Hanoverian homeland of their monarchy, led to the Diplomatic Revolution of 1756, and the... More
The ‘Liberate Jerusalem by first conquering Egypt’ strategy had been tried first, and failed disastrously, in the 5th Crusade. With a confidence not matched by military competence, Louis IX of France decided to replicate the strategy in 1248. Once more, Damiette, at the mouth of the Nile, was taken. Again,... More
Union General Philip H. Sheridan’s preliminary advance into the Shenandoah Valley was marked by caution. The Confederate General in the area, Jubal Early, interpreted this to mean Sheridan was performing a holding operation, and rashly allowed his forces to become dispersed along the Valley. Learning of this opportunity through reconnaissance,... More
After the rousing capture of Forts Donelson and Henry, General Ulysses S. Grant’s Union Army of the West Tennessee marched down the Tennessee River. Five divisions camped at Pittsburgh Landing, one slightly downriver at Crump’s Landing, while Grant, recuperating from a riding accident, set up his headquarters several miles further... More