Facing declining health and an unstable political climate, George Washington was reluctant to run for a second term. The French Revolutionary Wars between Great Britain and its allies and revolutionary France, in which Washington had proclaimed American neutrality, were still ongoing and, closer to home, deep political divisions were emerging.... More
1796 saw the first contested US presidential election. In the previous two elections – 1789 and 1792 – Washington had won with no affiliation to any political party, but in 1796 voters could choose between competing parties for the first time. The previous four years had seen divisions over both... More
At the start of Grover Cleveland’s term in 1893 the nation fell into the worst economic depression it had thus far experienced; unemployment hit 20 per cent and strikes swept across the country. Cleveland blamed the depression on silver, his unremitting belief in the gold standard led him to believe... More
1968 saw some of the most turbulent times in American history. Incumbent president Lyndon B. Johnson ended the bombing in Northern Vietnam and withdrew his bid for re-election after he was fiercely challenged by one of the Democratic candidates, Eugene J. McCarthy. Bitter candidacy battles were overshadowed by the assassination... More
In 1972, the Democratic party was in disarray. George McGovern fought off eleven candidates to become presidential candidate, yet his anti-war stance, and liberal social and economic views made many Democrats feel uneasy. The Republican incumbent president Richard Nixon was easily voted to run for re-election, with Spiro Agnew as... More
After fierce competition from George Bush, former film star and governor of California Ronald Reagan became the Republican presidential candidate. He then put personal differences aside and made the surprise choice of Bush as running mate. Incumbent President Jimmy Carter was struggling with a poor economic climate and decreasing popularity.... More
While incumbent President Ronald Reagan was easily nominated to run for a second term in office, the Democrats made history when candidate Walter Mondale chose Geraldine Ferraro, a woman, as running mate. From the outset, the Democratic campaign failed to woo the voters, overshadowed by Reagan’s popularity as president, good... More
By the Treaty of Paris in 1763, which ended the Seven Years’ War, huge tracts of North America were transferred from France to the British Crown. Indian tribes, who had generally supported France in the war, occupied the land abutting the western borders of the American colonies. The British government... More
The Protestant Reformation saw the decline of the powerful Holy Roman Empire, which was already suffering divisions over the dominance of the emperor, and was instrumental in weakening papal power in Europe as a whole. The Roman Catholic Church’s attempt to calm violence, unrest and iconoclastic riots at the Peace... More
Henry VIII extended the policies of the English Reformation to Ireland, but less profitably to the Crown. His ‘amiable persuasions’ included bribing the feudal nobles to swear allegiance to him with grants of confiscated monastic land. Edward VI (r. 1547–53) continued his father’s programme, but it stalled with the accession... More
In 1996, after four years of civil resistance, Kosovo Albanians, who had been suppressed by Slobodan Milosevic’s Serbian-dominated government (the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, consisting of Serbia and Montenegro) since 1992, became embroiled in open war with the Serbian occupying forces. In 1996 the Kosovo Liberation Army (KLA), using arms... More
The famous Mason-Dixon line originated in a dispute between ferrymen. John Wright, a Quaker preacher and keen bird-watcher settled on the Susquehanna River in 1724, opening his cattle-powered ferry across the river. Its presence attracted a cluster of Pennsylvania Dutch families to the area. In 1730, a Yorkshireman, Thomas Cresap... More