In the late 18th and early 19th centuries, several imperial powers including Spain, Russia, the United States and Great Britain, claimed North America’s Northwest coast. After 1824, only the United States, Russia and Britain maintained territorial claims in the region. Both Britain and the US claimed everything west of the... More
The Ostrogoths were eastern Goths (a Germanic tribe) who settled in the area around the Black Sea and constantly made incursions into the Roman provinces. Between 375–450, they were ruled by the Huns, a warrior people from the Eurasian steppes. When Attila the Hun died, they established the Ostrogoth Kingdom,... More
The Ottoman expansion that began in 1453 with the fall of Constantinople to Sultan Mehmed II saw a rapid growth in the Turks’ territorial dominion and a steady increase in their naval reach. Between 1459 and 1478 Mehmed took Serbia, Bosnia, Morea (the Greek Peloponnese), Anatolia, Trabzon and Albania, and... More
At its height, the Ottoman Empire ruled the Middle East and much of northern Africa and eastern Europe, but by the late 1800s, the Empire was in decline. Increasing instability had taken its toll, aided by ethnic and regional groups across the Empire who sought independence. Unsuccessful wars had weakened... More
Following World War I and the Treaty of Versailles, the German protectorate of New Guinea was divided up amongst the victorious Entente powers. The southern part of the protectorate, comprising territory on New Guinea and islands south of the equator, came under the Australian Mandate. New Zealand was awarded German... More
In 1853, Congress allocated money and authorized the Secretary of War, Jefferson Davis, to establish ‘the most practicable and economical route for a railroad from the Mississippi River to the Pacific Ocean’. Until this time, reaching the west coast from the east required a travel time of several months, either... More
The largest Bronze Age archaeological site is the Palace of Knossos, which was the ceremonial and political centre of Minoan civilization. The palace was built between 1700 and 1400 BCE. It covers 6 acres and has a total of 1,300 interconnected rooms. Parts of it were built up to five... More
The Pale was defined by an Act of Parliament (1488), setting out the (much reduced) area of Ireland still effectively under the direct control of the English king. ‘Beyond the Pale’, the rule of Ireland was effectively parcelled out between resurgent Gaelic chieftains and the largely autonomous Hiberno-Norman earldoms. But... More
Following the Siege of Paris and the Prussian victory in the Franco-Prussian War legislative elections in France in February 1871 revealed a majority in favour of a form of republican royalism, the Third Republic. Parisians, fearing the new regime would be republican in name only began to organize their own... More
In the words of India's first prime minister, Jawaharlal Nehru, "At the stroke of the midnight hour, when the world sleeps, India will awake to life and freedom." Upon independence on 15 August 1947, when the British left the subcontinent after 300 years of colonial rule, India was partitioned into... More
The attack on Pearl Harbor was launched without a declaration of war by Japan and resulted in a huge loss of life and the destruction of many naval vessels of the US Pacific Fleet. Following the two attack waves, all of the US battleships in port were destroyed or heavily... More
The Peasants’ Revolt of 1381 was the most serious uprising in Medieval England. The peasants were angry about a recently imposed poll tax (to cover the cost of war with France), food-shortages, poor wages and their serfdom. The revolt began when a tax collector was thrown out of an Essex... More