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The Missions of Saints Cyril and Methodius, c. 850
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The Missions of Saints Cyril and Methodius, c. 850
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Cyril and Methodius were brothers born in Thessalonika in the early 9th century. The missionary Cyril (826–69) proved a brilliant linguist, while Methodius (815–85) was a sound administrator, who had risen to become an abbot of a monastery. The patriarch of Constantinople sent both the brothers when Prince Ratislav of... More
The Missouri Pacific Railroad 1849–1982
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The Missouri Pacific Railroad 1849–1982
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The Missouri Pacific (MP), chartered by Missouri in 1849, was the first railroad to be built west of the Mississippi River, and was to stretch from ‘St Louis to the western boundary of Missouri and thence to the Pacific Ocean’. The gold rush in 1848 had highlighted the need for... More
The Missouri, Kansas, Texas Railroad 1870–1988
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The Missouri, Kansas, Texas Railroad 1870–1988
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The Missouri-Kansas-Texas Railroad (MKT) operated from 1870–1988, when it was merged into the Union Pacific. It was owned by private investors and constructed to funnel goods and passengers from Missouri and Kansas to Texas, across Indian territories. The railroad was commonly referred to as the Katy, after its stock exchange... More
The Modoc War 1872–73
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The Modoc War 1872–73
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Before the white man, the Modoc inhabited the Oregon-California borders, fishing for salmon and baking water-lily seed popcorn. Following the Gold Rushes, settlers began arriving in floods. The Modoc began to attack these wagon trains, killing over 60 at Bloody Point (1852). In 1864, they agreed to move to a... More
The Mongol (Yuan) Period c.1300
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The Mongol (Yuan) Period c.1300
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Succeeding the Song dynasty and preceding the Ming dynasty, the Yuan was ancient China’s first foreign-led empire. Under the leadership of Kublai Khan (grandson of Genghis Khan), the Mongols implemented regimes and a class system that marginalized the Chinese. They focussed on foreign trade, with the Venetian trader Marco Polo... More
The Mongol Invasion of Europe and the Near East 1237-60
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The Mongol Invasion of Europe and the Near East 1237-60
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The Mongol tribes of northern China coalesced into the Mongol empire under the rule of Genghis Khan (? 1167–1227) in 1206. He set in motion a series of invasions that would reverberate in Europe for the following 50 years. By the time of his death, his armies had conquered as... More
The Mughal Empire 1526–1707
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The Mughal Empire 1526–1707
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Akbar the Great was a more complete Renaissance monarch than any European contemporary. While doubling the Mughal dominions through conquest, he was an innovative and tolerant ruler, even inventing (but not imposing) his own ‘fusion’ religion. The Mughals were a multifaceted dynasty: Shah Jahan erected both the Taj Mahal, in... More
The Mughal Empire 1700
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The Mughal Empire 1700
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The sixth Mughal Emperor, Aurangzeb, ruled from 1658–1707, and was widely regarded as the last of the great Mughal emperors. It was during his reign that the Mughal Empire reached its greatest extent, and his rule held sway over nearly all the Indian subcontinent, a population of over 158 million... More
The Mughal Empire under Akbar 1605
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The Mughal Empire under Akbar 1605
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Abu’l-Fath Jalal-ud-din Muhammad Akbar, known as Akbar or sometimes Akbar the Great, was the third Mughal emperor. In 1556, following the death of his father in an accident Akbar came to the throne under a regent, Bairan Khan, a loyal mentor to the young emperor and a trusted ally, who... More
The Muslim Near East 1127–1174
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The Muslim Near East 1127–1174
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Nur al-Din (born c. 1127) inherited Aleppo from Zengi, his father, in 1146. He was determined to unite the region’s Muslims against the Christian occupiers in Palestine and Syria. With the support of his brother, who had inherited Mosul, and the Abbasids in Baghdad, Nur al-Din massacred the Edessan Christians... More
The Muslim Near East 1127–74
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The Muslim Near East 1127–74
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By the 1120s, most of the Seljuk Empire had disintegrated, with ambitious local warlords vying for dominance. In a highly competitive field, the most ruthless was Zangi, who became atabeg (governor) of Mosul. From 1127, he attacked or double-crossed all local opposition to carve out a powerful fiefdom, before being... More
The Mycenaean Kingdom, c. 1300 BCE
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The Mycenaean Kingdom, c. 1300 BCE
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This Bronze Age civilization, clearly influenced by the earlier Minoan civilization on Crete (2000–1450 BCE) flourished in Peloponnese from the 17th to 12th centuries BCE, spreading its influence to mainland Greece, the eastern Aegean and Crete. Large palace complexes, generally built around a rectangular central hall or megaron, dominated the... More