The second Communist invasion reached its high point on 24 January 1951. From 25 January, however, the UN forces launched a limited counteroffensive, which crept slowly northward reaching the southern outskirts of Seoul by 10 February. Operation Ripper, which began on 7 March, was designed to inflict casualties on the... More
Following North Korea’s attack on South Korea on 25 June 1950, President Harry Truman ordered General MacArthur, commander of all US forces in the Far East to support the ROK, Republic of Korea, and 21 members of the UN committed themselves to support South Korea. MacArthur immediately provided air support... More
There were several ostensible provocations leading to America’s declaration of War on Britain in 1812, but most important, perhaps, was President Madison’s belief that the British, locked in an existential struggle with France, would not be able to defend Canadian possessions. Accordingly, the Great Lakes, forming much of the border... More
Run by Cistercian monks, Tintern Abbey was the first Welsh abbey, with construction spanning 400 years from c. 1131–1536. In c. 1250 the Abbey was rebuilt in the Gothic style, designed to emphasize verticality and light, under the patronage of Roger Bigod, the Lord of Chepstow. Tintern Abbey was well... More
The wide variety of languages and regional dialects spoken in the ‘Low’ or ‘Benelux’ countries (Belgium, the Netherlands, Luxembourg) fall into two main groups: Germanic, Low Saxon languages and their variants, and French-based ‘langue d’oïl’ Romance languages and their variants. The prevalent language in the former group is Dutch, spoken... More
Before the arrival of the Romans in Iberia a number of languages were spoken, and some writing systems had evolved, frequently borrowing from Greek and Phoenicians, who had established trading colonies on the peninsula. Aquitanian, or Proto-Basque, was an ancestor of modern Basque, and was spoken in the in the... More
The language map of Switzerland reflects the independence and self-governance of its 26 cantons, which have not been subjected to a centralized government or the imposition of a nationwide “official” language. Language distribution within Switzerland is influenced by proximity to other nations. The most common language in Switzerland, spoken by... More
The German Zeppelins were long cylindrical rigid airship with a fabric-covered frame. They were large, unwieldy and powered by highly combustible hydrogen gas. They often missed their targets, but inspired intense fear in the civilian population. Reaching altitudes of up to 10,000 feet they were silent before they dropped their... More
By the late Cretaceous, the continents were beginning to assume their broad modern alignment. The Americas were drifting westwards, causing the Atlantic Ocean to widen. India was still in the early stages of its northward migration, berthed alongside Madagascar. Australia was still attached to the Antarctic residue of the ancient... More
A survey conducted in 2018 amongst young people in 12 European countries showed very large proportions who denied having any faith at all: the Czech Republic was the least religious country with 91% of 16–29-year-olds claiming no religious affiliation. Only in Poland, Portugal and Ireland did more than 10% of... More
Following the envelopment of the Falaise pocket, the Germans were rapidly pushed east across France as they tried to regroup. General Eisenhower was not prepared to tie up his precious resources in a battle for Paris when Hitler had made it clear that the Germans would employ a scorched earth... More
General William T. Sherman rarely purveyed the milk of human kindness. He was infamous for ‘scorched earth’ tactics against the Confederate South in the Civil War. Graduating to Indian warfare, he advocated pursuit of the Sioux with ‘vindictive eagerness…even to their extermination, men, women and children’. But this flinty-hearted warrior... More